Search results

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0089_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96938
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0090_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96939
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces check a truck driver's identity papers along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0093_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96942
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An indigenous Maya woman observes a civil defense patrol identity checkpoint in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. 83 percent of the victims were indigenous Maya people.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0085_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96934
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces stand for a photograph outside their mountainous village in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0107_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96832
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces stand for a photograph in the village square in Todos Santos, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0086_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96935
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A local civil defense force holds a meeting in the village square in Todos Santos, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0091_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96940
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A local civil defense force holds a meeting in the village square in Todos Santos, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0092_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96941
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A local civil defense force holds a meeting in the village square in Todos Santos, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0095_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96944
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces stand for a photograph outside their mountainous village in rural Todos Santos, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0108_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96833
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces stand for a photograph in the village square in rural Todos Santos, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0109_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96834
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Photographer In Rural Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A local photographer prepares to take a picture in a rural town in Huehuetenango department, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0094_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96943
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mario Sandoval Alarcón In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Presidential candidate Mario Sandoval Alarcón, the leader of the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, speaks to media during an interview in Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 1, 1982. Sandoval was one of the CIA's leading protégés in the 1954 coup to overthrow democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz. Known as the "godfather" of the Central American death squads, he trained the notorious Salvadoran Roberto D'Aubuisson along with other paramilitary and death squad leaders. Sandoval was a leader and organizer of the Guatemalan chapter of the World Anti-Communist Leage (WACL), which served as an international lobby for covert and paramilitary operations including funding for the contras in Nicaragua and Operation Condor in the Southern Cone.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Politics; Government; Elections; Cold War; Coup d'état; Military; Death squads; Counterinsurgency; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN); Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0063_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96788
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mario Sandoval Alarcón Interviewed After Coup By Ríos Montt
Date: 1982-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Mario Sandoval Alarcón, the candidate from the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, in the 1982 presidential elections, is interviewed by journalists following a military coup d'état the previous day in Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 24, 1982. Sandoval was one of the CIA's leading protégés in the 1954 coup to overthrow democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz. Known as the "godfather" of the Central American death squads, he trained the notorious Salvadoran Roberto D'Aubuisson along with other paramilitary and death squad leaders. Sandoval was a leader and organizer of the Guatemalan chapter of the World Anti-Communist Leage (WACL), which served as an international lobby for covert and paramilitary operations including funding for the contras in Nicaragua and Operation Condor in the Southern Cone.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; Politics; United States foreign policy; Coup d'état; Military; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Cold War; Dictatorship; Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0061_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96910
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Maya Classroom In Comalapa, Guatemala
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A classroom of young indigenous Maya girls listen to an instructor at an elementary school in Comalapa, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. The military regime following the 1954 coup had implemented literacy programs for the Maya population to assimilate them into the Spanish-speaking Ladino society. Spanish became the official language of Guatemala in 1965 with the new constitution. Bilingual education for the indigenous Maya served as a form of ethnocide, aiming to integrate the indigenous and Ladino populations at the expense of the Mayan languages. Conversely the Ladino Spanish-speaking population was not encouraged to be bilingual in a Mayan language.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Education
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0071_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96796
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Maya Classroom In Comalapa, Guatemala
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A classroom of young indigenous Maya girls listen to an instructor at an elementary school in Comalapa, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. The military regime following the 1954 coup had implemented literacy programs for the Maya population to assimilate them into the Spanish-speaking Ladino society. Spanish became the official language of Guatemala in 1965 with the new constitution. Bilingual education for the indigenous Maya served as a form of ethnocide, aiming to integrate the indigenous and Ladino populations at the expense of the Mayan languages. Conversely the Ladino Spanish-speaking population was not encouraged to be bilingual in a Mayan language.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Education
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0062_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96787
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Maya Man In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An indigenous Maya man wearing a woven hat walks through downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Daily life; Cold War
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0068_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96793
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Missionaries With The Central American Mission In Huehuetenango, Guatemala
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Edward and Pauline Sywulka of the Central American Mission, CAM, stand in their garden in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Sywulkas were lifelong church workers and residents of Guatemala. They assisted with the Wycliffe Bible Translators organization and translated the Old and New Testament Bible into the Mam language.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Religion; Daily life; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Edward Sywulka; Pauline Sywulka
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0096_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96945
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Missionaries With The Central American Mission In Huehuetenango, Guatemala
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Edward and Pauline Sywulka of the Central American Mission, CAM, stand in their garden in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Sywulkas were lifelong church workers and residents of Guatemala. They assisted with the Wycliffe Bible Translators organization and translated the Old and New Testament Bible into the Mam language.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Religion; Daily life; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Edward Sywulka; Pauline Sywulka
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0097_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96946
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Outside the Guatemalan Armed Forces Regional Garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-19
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local Maya residents walk past the Guatemalan Armed Forces regional garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Santa Cruz del Quiché was used as a base of operations for the Guatemalan military during the civil war to combat the leftist armed guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, also active in the region. The Guatemalan military employed a counterinsurgency tactic known as scorched earth that holistically targeted the insurgent base through complete destruction of infrastructure and food supply, as well as the persecution of civilians suspected of aiding the guerrilla cause.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0035_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96760
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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