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Title: Residents Outside Government Office In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Residents wait outside for a government office to open in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission determined 93 percent of the violence was committed by government forces.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0048_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96773
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ríos Montt Arrives At National Palace After Coup
Date: 1982-03-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Efraín Ríos Montt, center, arrives at a press conference following his successful coup d'état at the National Palace in Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 23, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the 36-year internal armed conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; Military; United States foreign policy; Coup d'état; Cold War; Dictatorship; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Efraín Ríos Montt
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0055_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96904
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ríos Montt In Guatemala City
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan President Efraín Ríos Montt speaks to a group of local dignitaries in Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1983. Ríos Montt assumed control through a military coup d'état on March 23, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the 36-year armed conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Politics; Government; Coup d'état; Dictatorship; Human rights violations; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Efraín Ríos Montt
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0122_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96847
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ríos Montt In Guatemala City
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan President Efraín Ríos Montt speaks to a group of local dignitaries in Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1983. Ríos Montt assumed control through a military coup d'état on March 23, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the 36-year armed conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Politics; Government; Coup d'état; Dictatorship; Human rights violations; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Efraín Ríos Montt
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0123_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96848
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ríos Montt In Guatemala City
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan President Efraín Ríos Montt speaks to a group of local dignitaries in Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1983. Ríos Montt assumed control through a military coup d'état on March 23, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the 36-year armed conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Politics; Government; Coup d'état; Dictatorship; Human rights violations; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Efraín Ríos Montt
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0124_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96849
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ríos Montt In Guatemala City
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan President Efraín Ríos Montt speaks to a group of local dignitaries in Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1983. Ríos Montt assumed control through a military coup d'état on March 23, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the 36-year armed conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Politics; Government; Coup d'état; Dictatorship; Human rights violations; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Efraín Ríos Montt
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0119_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96844
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ríos Montt In Guatemala City
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan President Efraín Ríos Montt speaks to a group of local dignitaries in Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1983. Ríos Montt assumed control through a military coup d'état on March 23, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the 36-year armed conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Politics; Government; Coup d'état; Dictatorship; Human rights violations; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Efraín Ríos Montt
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0120_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96845
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ríos Montt Meets With Members Of The Church And Civilians
Date: 1983-06-15
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan President Efraín Ríos Montt (1926-2018), center left with hand raised, speaks to a Roman Catholic Cardinal accompanied by civilians and church officials in Guatemala City, Guatemala, June 18, 1983. Guatemala was introduced to Catholicism during the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 16th century, and the Roman Catholic Church has dominated the country's religious society. However by the mid-1980s during the Christian evangelical Ríos Montt's term as head of state, Protestantism and the evangelical movement was gaining popularity.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Protestantism; Evangelical movement; Spanish colonization of the Americas; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Efraín Ríos Montt
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0102_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96951
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: San Juan Cotzal After An Attack By EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A dirt road winds through the highlands of San Juan Cotzal, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. The town was in turmoil after a battle between guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, and the Guatemalan Armed Forces. The EGP maintained a base of operations in the Ixil region during the armed conflict, and retaliation from the Guatemalan military with an aggressive scorched-earth policy saw the destruction of villages and crops along with the mass murder and disappearance of Ixil Maya civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0037_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96762
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: San Juan Cotzal After An Attack By EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Two young Maya Ixil women respond to questions from visiting media correspondents following an attack the night before by armed guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, on the Guatemalan Army's regional garrison in San Juan Cotzal, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. The indigenous locals expected the army soldiers to retaliate by killing the town's residents for collaborating with insurgents.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0040_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96765
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: San Juan Cotzal After An Attack By EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Two young Maya Ixil women retrieve water following an attack by armed guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, on the Guatemalan Army's regional garrison in San Juan Cotzal, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. The indigenous locals expected the army soldiers to retaliate by killing the town's residents for collaborating with insurgents.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0041_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96766
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: San Juan Cotzal After An Attack By EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Two young Maya Ixil women retrieve water following an attack by armed guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, on the Guatemalan Army's regional garrison in San Juan Cotzal, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. The indigenous locals expected the army soldiers to retaliate by killing the town's residents for collaborating with insurgents.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0024_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96873
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: San Juan Cotzal After An Attack By EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Two young Maya Ixil women respond to questions from visiting media correspondents following an attack the night before by armed guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, on the Guatemalan Army's regional garrison in San Juan Cotzal, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. The indigenous locals expected the army soldiers to retaliate by killing the town's residents for collaborating with insurgents.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0025_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96874
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: San Juan Cotzal Military Garrison After Attack By EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Armed Forces soldiers form patrols to search for armed guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, following a battle in San Juan Cotzal, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0038_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96763
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: San Juan Cotzal Military Garrison After Attack By EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Armed Forces soldiers form patrols to search for armed guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, following a battle in San Juan Cotzal, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0044_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96769
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Security Check In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A security officer in plainclothes and armed with a Galil assault rifle, right, searches a civilian in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. United States involvement in Guatemala began in 1954, when fears of communist influence on President Jacobo Árbenz led to a CIA-engineered coup d'état to install a military regime. In the 36-year civil war that followed, the United States, along with Israel and Argentina, consistently provided military aid and support for counterinsurgency campaigns despite Guatemala's abysmal human rights record.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0072_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96921
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Three-Man Junta Led By Ríos Montt At Press Conference Following Coup
Date: 1982-03-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The leaders of the three-man military junta General Horacio Maldonado Shaad, left, General Efraín Ríos Montt, center, and Colonel Francisco Luis Gordillo Martínez, right, sit during a press conference at the National Palace to announce a successful military coup d'état, Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 23, 1982. Ríos Montt soon appointed himself president and minister of defense, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, ushering in the most violent period of Guatemala's armed conflict. Ríos Montt has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018. Gordillo Martínez was sentenced to 33 years in prison on May 23, 2018 along with four other high-ranking military ex-officials for crimes against humanity and aggravated sexual assault against Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen and for the forced disappearance of her 14 year-old brother, Marco Antonio Molina Theissen, in 1981.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; Military; United States foreign policy; Coup d'état; Cold War; Dictatorship; Efraín Ríos Montt; Horacio Maldonado Shaad; Francisco Luis Gordillo Martínez
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Efraín Ríos Montt; Horacio Maldonado Shaad; Francisco Luis Gordillo Martínez
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0056_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96905
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Traditional Architecture In Antigua, Guatemala
Date: 1982-06-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A traditional wooden door is pictured on a cobblestone street in Antigua, Guatemala, June 1, 1982. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission determined 93 percent of the violence was committed by government forces.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life; Landscape
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0069_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96918
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: View Of Highlands Village In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A view of a village in the highlands where Guatemalan army soldiers have had armed encounters with members of the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. 83 percent of the victims were indigenous Maya people.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0100_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96825
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Wounded Soldier In Santa Cruz Del Quiché Following Battle With EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A wounded Guatemalan army soldier waits for transport after being brought for medical aid to the military hospital in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, attacked the military's highland base in San Juan Cotzal the day before, leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. In retaliation, the Guatemalan army killed 67 civilians in San Juan Cotzal in the following week.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0021_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96870
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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