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Title: Salvadoran Election Poster In Mejicanos Neighborhood
Date: 1984-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Pedestrians walk past a presidential election poster for the right-wing political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, on their way home from work in the Mejicanos neighborhood of San Salvador, El Salvador, May 1, 1984. ARENA was founded in 1981 from a convergence of the landowning oligarchy and the extreme anti-communist right. The party received formative support from Guatemala's fascist ultra-right political party Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, and from several influential members of the Republican party of the United States. Roberto D'Aubuisson, founding member of ARENA and the presidential candidate for the party in the 1984 elections, was known to have close ties to the death squads and had a reputation for extreme violence.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Oligarchy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Death squads; Human rights violations; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN); Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0293_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96421
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Vargas Llosa Goes On Campaign With Roberto D'Aubuisson
Date: 1984-05-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, right, listens to Salvadoran presidential candidate Roberto D'Aubuisson, left, from the right-wing party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, on the campaign trail in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 9, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting and writing about the Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, Christian Democratic Party, PDC, was elected president on May 12, 1984. This victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid, both overt and covert, provided by the United States to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington's interests.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; United States foreign policy; Foreign aid; Military aid; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold war; Human rights violations; Death squads; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Mario Vargas Llosa; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0298_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96426
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Prisoner Held By Atlacatl Battalion In San Miguel Department
Date: 1983-12-16
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A guerrilla from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, left, is guarded by a soldier from the Salvadoran army in Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel department, El Salvador, December 16, 1983. The ERP prisoner was captured during a military operation by the Atlacatl Battalion in the coffee producing hills of the San Miguel department and claimed he was forced into joining the leftist guerrilla group.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military; Counterinsurgency; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP); Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0283_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96411
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Bodies Of Civil Defensemen Killed By FMLN Arrive In Guadalupe, El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents mourn as a truck carrying caskets of dead relatives arrives in Guadalupe, San Vicente department, El Salvador, May 9, 1983. The dead were members of a local civil defense force killed by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0103_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96231
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Death Of Salvadoran Army Soldiers In Morazán
Date: 1983-10-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran woman stands outside a military hospital hoping to see her husband, Juan Pablo Rivas, who was reportedly killed along with 13 other army soldiers in a helicopter explosion over the Morazán department, El Salvador, October 24, 1983. Among those killed were Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa and other field commanders of high rank. FMLN guerrillas led by Joaquín Villalobos, who had previously denounced Monterrosa and his command authority over the Atlacatl Battalion for carrying out the December 1981 civilian massacre in El Mozote, claimed responsibility for the helicopter crash.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Military aid; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Atlacatl Battalion; Domingo Monterrosa; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Joaquín Villalobos
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0113_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96241
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Atlacatl Battalion In Pursuit Of FMLN Guerrillas In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran soldiers of the Atlacatl Battalion stop during a military operation in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Rapid reaction battalions were trained in counterinsurgency tactics to combat guerrilla warfare and were designed and funded by the United States military. The Atlacatl Battalion was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0105_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96233
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Fourth Anniversary Of Archbishop Óscar Romero's Assassination In San Salvador
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An elderly woman is helped into a Roman Catholic church by family members on the fourth anniversary of the death of Archbishop Óscar Romero in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D'Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Activism; Human rights violations; Death squads; Óscar Romero; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0106_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96234
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Fourth Anniversary Of The Killing Of Archbishop Óscar Romero
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman lights a votive candle on the fourth anniversary of the death of Archbishop Óscar Romero in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D'Aubuisson. The martyred Romero was officially canonized as a saint by Pope Francis in 2018.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Activism; Human rights violations; Death squads; Óscar Romero; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0107_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96235
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Military Advisor Accompanies Salvadoran Army
Date: 1984-09-30
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A United States military advisor, left, accompanies Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez as he speaks at a public gathering in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, September 30, 1984. The U.S. advisor carries an Israeli Galil rifle on his back. Advisors were prohibited from engaging in combat missions with Salvadoran troops and from carrying weapons besides a sidearm. However, regulations on the capacities and number of advisors stationed were largely ignored or circumvented by the Reagan administration.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Cold War; Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0121_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96249
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez Speaks In Sesuntepeque, Cabañas
Date: 1984-09-30
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, former commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2 and current head of the Fourth Brigade, speaks at a public gathering in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, September 30, 1984. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa's command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0120_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96248
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Labor Union Press Conference Displaying Death Threats
Date: 1984-10-05
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: At a press conference, a leader of the left-wing labor union coalition Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador, Unitary Trade Union and Guild Movement of El Salvador, MUSYGES, displays a headline in the El Mundo daily newspaper reporting threats by the right-wing death squad Éjercito Secreto Anticomunista, Secret Anticommunist Army, ESA, in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 5, 1984. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres, as well as their connection to right-wing death squads.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Labor unions; Activism; Death squads; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador (MUSYGES)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0131_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96259
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Labor Union Press Conference Displaying Death Threats
Date: 1984-10-05
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: At a press conference, a leader of the left-wing labor union coalition Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador, Unitary Trade Union and Guild Movement of El Salvador, MUSYGES, displays a headline in the El Mundo daily newspaper reporting threats by the right-wing death squad Éjercito Secreto Anticomunista, Secret Anticommunist Army, ESA, in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 5, 1984. MUSYGES was founded in 1983 as a result of the coordination amongst union activists working clandestinely in urban zones. Although it dissolved in November of 1984 over factional disputes, MUSYGES, in its short existence, led demands against state repression and wage controls in place since 1980 and opened space for labor organizing later in the decade.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Labor unions; Activism; Death squads; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador (MUSYGES)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0132_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96260
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Dutch Human Rights Investigative Team Leaving Camino Real Hotel In San Salvador
Date: 1982-03-22
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of human rights investigators from Holland leave the El Camino Real Hotel in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 22, 1982. The group came to investigate the death of four Dutch journalists shot and killed by Salvadoran security forces while they were pursuing an interview with leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in the Chalatenango department. The Salvadoran government and the United States embassy in El Salvador denied knowledge of the ambush, claiming that the journalists were caught in an ongoing firefight between guerrilla soldiers and the military. This fact was later refuted with witness testimony in the 1993 publication of the United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Military; Counterinsurgency; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0164_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96292
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Ambassador Deane Hinton Hands A U.S. Flag To Roberto D'Aubuisson In The Constituent Assembly
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: United States Ambassador Deane Hinton, center, hands an American flag to Roberto D'Aubuisson, President of the Constituent Assembly, in San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. In addition to founding the conservative political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, D'Aubuisson was a former official of the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, the intelligence sector of the death squads. He was named responsible as giving the orders for the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero on March 24, 1980.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Death squads; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Deane Hinton; Roberto D'Aubuisson; Óscar Romero; Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Deane Hinton; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0156_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96284
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Atlacatl Battalion Commander Lt. Col. Domingo Monterrosa In Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa speaks with journalists at the military headquarters of the Atlacatl Battalion in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. Monterrosa trained at the School of the Americas and headed the controversial Atlacatl Battalion, one of the rapid reaction counterinsurgency battalions coordinated and funded by the United States. The Atlacatl Battalion, under Monterrosa's command, was responsible for the infamous El Mozote massacre of December 1981, which remains the largest single massacre in recent Latin American history. Monterrosa was killed by FMLN guerrillas in a helicopter explosion along with 13 other army officers on October 23, 1984.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Atlacatl Battalion; School of the Americas; Domingo Monterrosa
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Domingo Monterrosa
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0157_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96285
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Right-Wing Death Squad Victim In San Salvador
Date: 1984-09-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A man killed by a right-wing death squad lies on the floor of the city morgue in San Salvador, El Salvador, September 24, 1984. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Civilian casualties; Death squads; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0165_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96293
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Monterrosa With The Atlacatl Battalion In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The commanding officer of the Atlacatl Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa, left, questions a local resident, center, as soldiers advance during a military operation in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict. The UN Truth Commission for El Salvador named the Atlacatl Battalion under Monterrosa's command responsible for the massacre of nearly 1,000 civilians in El Mozote in 1981, considered the worst massacre in modern Latin American history.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; School of the Americas; Atlacatl Battalion; Domingo Monterrosa
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Domingo Monterrosa
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0002_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96130
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Atlacatl Battalion In Pursuit Of FMLN Guerrillas In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A wounded soldier, center, from the Atlacatl Battalion is evacuated by soldiers during a military operation in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Rapid reaction battalions were trained in counterinsurgency tactics to combat guerrilla warfare and were designed and funded by the United States military. The Atlacatl Battalion was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0003_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96131
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Minister of Defense General García And U.S. Congressional Delegation
Date: 1983-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran Minister of Defense General José Guillermo García, second left, along with members of a U.S. congressional delegation, speaks at a press conference in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 1, 1983. Pictured from left are U.S. representative Bill Richardson, General García, and U.S. representatives Jim Oberstar (1934-2014) and James Jeffords (1934-2014). The conference was called to address the Salvadoran Air Force's admission that it used napalm purchased from Israel against insurgents and civilians in the country's ongoing civil war.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Arms trade; United States foreign policy; Cold War; José Guillermo García
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Bill Richardson; José Guillermo García; Jim Oberstar; James Jeffords
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0192_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96320
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Minister of Defense General García And U.S. Congressional Delegation
Date: 1983-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: United States Representative Bill Richardson, left, speaks at a press conference while Salvadoran Minister of Defense General José Guillermo García, right, listens along with members of a U.S. congressional delegation, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 1, 1983. The conference was called to address the Salvadoran Air Force's admission that it used napalm purchased from Israel against insurgents and civilians in the country's ongoing civil war.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Arms trade; United States foreign policy; Cold War; José Guillermo García
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Bill Richardson; José Guillermo García; Jim Oberstar; James Jeffords
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0193_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96321
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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