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Title: Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Assasination
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman holds a picture of Archbishop Óscar Romero on the fourth anniversary of his assassination, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson. The martyred Romero was officially canonized as a saint by Pope Francis in 2018.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Liberation theology; Human rights violations; Death squads; Óscar Romero
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0182_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96649
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Members Of ORDEN, A Right Wing Paramilitary Unit In Chalatenango Department
Date: 1981-02-22
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, interrogate a family member involved in the paramilitary group Organización Democrática Nacionalista, National Democratic Organization, ORDEN, seated left, after a takeover of a nearby village in Santa Anita, El Salvador, February 22, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Death squads; Human rights violations; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0098_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96226
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Members Of ORDEN, A Right Wing Paramilitary Unit In Chalatenango Department
Date: 1981-02-22
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, interrogate a family member involved in the paramilitary group Organización Democrática Nacionalista, National Democratic Organization, ORDEN, seated center right, after a takeover of a nearby village in Santa Anita, El Salvador, February 22, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Death squads; Human rights violations; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0091_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96219
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: D'Aubuisson Campaigns In Santa Tecla
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson, center, founder of right-wing conservative party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, campaigns during a presidential rally in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. ARENA was established in 1981 and was primarily supported by right-wing extremists and members of the country's economic elite. D'Aubuisson's connection with the death squads made him a controversial figure in United States-Salvadoran relations during the war. He did, however, receive support from influential U.S. Republicans looking to safeguard economic interests, proving no coincidence in the name Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (National Republican Alliance).
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Human rights violations; Death squads; Oligarchy; Right-wing extremists; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0042_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96170
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: D'Aubuisson Campaigns In Santa Tecla
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson, center, founder of right-wing conservative party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, addresses a crowd during a presidential campaign rally in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. D'Aubuisson had previously served as Deputy Director of the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, known as the intelligence sector of the death squads, and was named responsible as giving the orders for the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero on March 24, 1980. D'Aubuisson died of throat cancer at the age of 48 in February of 1992, one month after the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Human rights violations; Death squads; Oligarchy; Right-wing extremists; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0043_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96171
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: D’Aubuisson Meets Archbishop Rivera y Damas
Date: 1983-06-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson (1944-1992), center left, shakes hands with Roman Catholic Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas (1923-1994), right, at an event in San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. Salvadoran President Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja (1925-2001), center, looks on. D’Aubuisson helped establish the paramilitary network of death squads around the country in the late 1970s was named responsible as giving the orders for the assassination of Rivera y Damas’ predecessor, Archbishop Óscar Romero, on March 24, 1980.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Government; Oligarchy; Human rights violations; Death squads; Roberto D'Aubuisson; Arturo Rivera y Damas; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja; Óscar Romero
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D'Aubuisson; Arturo Rivera y Damas; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0254_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96721
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: D’Aubuisson Meets Monsignor José Oscar Barahona Castillo
Date: 1983-06-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson (1944-1992), left, shakes hands with Roman Catholic Bishop José Oscar Barahona Castillo (1938-2016), right, at an event in San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. Salvadoran President Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja (1925-2001), center, looks on. D’Aubuisson founded the extreme right-wing political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, in 1980. He was known to have close ties to the death squads and had a reputation for extreme violence.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Government; Oligarchy; Human rights violations; Death squads; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D'Aubuisson; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja; José Oscar Barahona Castillo
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0255_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96722
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Fourth Anniversary Of Archbishop Óscar Romero's Assassination In San Salvador
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An elderly woman is helped into a Roman Catholic church by family members on the fourth anniversary of the death of Archbishop Óscar Romero in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D'Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Activism; Human rights violations; Death squads; Óscar Romero; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0106_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96234
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Fourth Anniversary Of The Killing Of Archbishop Óscar Romero
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman lights a votive candle on the fourth anniversary of the death of Archbishop Óscar Romero in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D'Aubuisson. The martyred Romero was officially canonized as a saint by Pope Francis in 2018.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Activism; Human rights violations; Death squads; Óscar Romero; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0107_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96235
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FPL Captures Members Of Right Wing Death Squad In Chalatenango Department
Date: 1981-02-22
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guerrilla fighters from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, interrogate family members of a right-wing death squad, right with cap, following an overnight attack on a nearby village in Santa Anita, El Salvador, February 22, 1981. At the time the FPL controlled the majority of the mountainous Chalatenango department. FPL merged with four leftist organizations in 1980 to form the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The group drew its name from Salvadoran communist leader and revolutionary Agustín Farabundo Martí, whose 1932 peasant revolt had lasting consequences for the indigenous and campesino communities.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Death squads; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0086_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96214
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Funeral Procession For ARENA Member
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: View of mourners in a funeral procession for a member of the political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, who was killed during the 1982 campaign for presidential elections, central El Salvador, March 1, 1982. ARENA was founded in 1981 from a convergence of the landowning oligarchy and the extreme anti-communist right. The party received formative support from Guatemala’s fascist ultra-right political party Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, and from influential members of the Republican party of the United States. Founding member and party leader Roberto D’Aubuisson was known to have close ties to the death squads and had a reputation for extreme violence.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Funerals; Death squads; Human rights violations; Right-wing extremists; Oligarchy; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0018_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96485
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Labor Union Press Conference Displaying Death Threats
Date: 1984-10-05
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: At a press conference, a leader of the left-wing labor union coalition Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador, Unitary Trade Union and Guild Movement of El Salvador, MUSYGES, displays a headline in the El Mundo daily newspaper reporting threats by the right-wing death squad Éjercito Secreto Anticomunista, Secret Anticommunist Army, ESA, in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 5, 1984. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres, as well as their connection to right-wing death squads.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Labor unions; Activism; Death squads; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador (MUSYGES)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0131_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96259
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Labor Union Press Conference Displaying Death Threats
Date: 1984-10-05
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: At a press conference, a leader of the left-wing labor union coalition Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador, Unitary Trade Union and Guild Movement of El Salvador, MUSYGES, displays a headline in the El Mundo daily newspaper reporting threats by the right-wing death squad Éjercito Secreto Anticomunista, Secret Anticommunist Army, ESA, in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 5, 1984. MUSYGES was founded in 1983 as a result of the coordination amongst union activists working clandestinely in urban zones. Although it dissolved in November of 1984 over factional disputes, MUSYGES, in its short existence, led demands against state repression and wage controls in place since 1980 and opened space for labor organizing later in the decade.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Labor unions; Activism; Death squads; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador (MUSYGES)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0132_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96260
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Osacr Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D'Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Comadres; Óscar Romero; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0058_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96186
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0184_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96651
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0185_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96652
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0186_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96653
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0212_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96679
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0215_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96682
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0211_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96678
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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