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Title: Labor Union Press Conference Displaying Death Threats
Date: 1984-10-05
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: At a press conference, a leader of the left-wing labor union coalition Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador, Unitary Trade Union and Guild Movement of El Salvador, MUSYGES, displays a headline in the El Mundo daily newspaper reporting threats by the right-wing death squad Éjercito Secreto Anticomunista, Secret Anticommunist Army, ESA, in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 5, 1984. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres, as well as their connection to right-wing death squads.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Labor unions; Activism; Death squads; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador (MUSYGES)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0131_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96259
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Labor Union Press Conference Displaying Death Threats
Date: 1984-10-05
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: At a press conference, a leader of the left-wing labor union coalition Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador, Unitary Trade Union and Guild Movement of El Salvador, MUSYGES, displays a headline in the El Mundo daily newspaper reporting threats by the right-wing death squad Éjercito Secreto Anticomunista, Secret Anticommunist Army, ESA, in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 5, 1984. MUSYGES was founded in 1983 as a result of the coordination amongst union activists working clandestinely in urban zones. Although it dissolved in November of 1984 over factional disputes, MUSYGES, in its short existence, led demands against state repression and wage controls in place since 1980 and opened space for labor organizing later in the decade.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Labor unions; Activism; Death squads; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Movimiento de Unidad Sindical y Gremial de El Salvador (MUSYGES)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0132_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96260
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mario Sandoval Alarcón In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Presidential candidate Mario Sandoval Alarcón, the leader of the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, speaks to media during an interview in Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 1, 1982. Sandoval was one of the CIA's leading protégés in the 1954 coup to overthrow democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz. Known as the "godfather" of the Central American death squads, he trained the notorious Salvadoran Roberto D'Aubuisson along with other paramilitary and death squad leaders. Sandoval was a leader and organizer of the Guatemalan chapter of the World Anti-Communist Leage (WACL), which served as an international lobby for covert and paramilitary operations including funding for the contras in Nicaragua and Operation Condor in the Southern Cone.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Politics; Government; Elections; Cold War; Coup d'état; Military; Death squads; Counterinsurgency; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN); Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0063_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96788
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Member Of ORDEN Captured By FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department, El Salvador
Date: 1981-02-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A captured member, second right, of the paramilitary militia Organización Democrática Nacionalista, Democratic Nationalist Organization, ORDEN, stands with his family behind a table of weapons following the takeover of their village by leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in San Antonio de la Cruz, El Salvador, February 20, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military; Death squads; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Desaparecidos; Military aid; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); José Alberto Medrano
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0009_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96137
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Members Of ORDEN Captured By FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department, El Salvador
Date: 1981-02-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: One of five captured members of the paramilitary militia Organización Democrática Nacionalista, Democratic Nationalist Organization, ORDEN, stands behind a table of weapons following the takeover of their village by leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in San Antonio de la Cruz, El Salvador, February 20, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military; Death squads; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Desaparecidos; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); José Alberto Medrano
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0006_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96473
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Osacr Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D'Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Comadres; Óscar Romero; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0058_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96186
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0184_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96651
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0185_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96652
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0186_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96653
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0212_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96679
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0215_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96682
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mothers Of The Disappeared Protest On Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Death
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the organization Comadres protest on the anniversary of Archbishop Óscar Romero's death in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Comadres is a committee of mothers and relatives of prisoners, the disappeared and the politically assassinated of El Salvador. It was established in December 1977 with the help of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Archbishop Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Activism; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Death squads; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Archbishop Óscar Romero; Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0211_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96678
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Presidential Candidate Roberto D’Aubuisson Campains
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson, founder of right-wing conservative party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, addresses a crowd during a presidential campaign rally in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. ARENA was established in 1981 and was primarily supported by right-wing extremists and members of the country’s economic elite. D’Aubuisson’s connection with the death squads made him a controversial figure in United States-Salvadoran relations during the war. He did, however, receive support from influential U.S. Republicans looking to safeguard economic interests, proving no coincidence in the party name Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (National Republican Alliance).
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Human rights violations; Death squads; Right-wing extremists; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D’Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0187_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96654
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Presidential Candidate Roberto D’Aubuisson Campains
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Roberto D'Aubuisson, founder of right-wing conservative party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, addresses a crowd during a presidential campaign rally in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. D’Aubuisson’s connection with the death squads made him a controversial figure in United States-Salvadoran relations during the war. He did, however, receive support from influential U.S. Republicans looking to safeguard economic interests, proving no coincidence in the party name National Republican Alliance.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Human rights violations; Death squads; Right-wing extremists; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); Roberto D’Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D’Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0218_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96685
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Presidential Candidate Roberto D’Aubuisson Holds A Press Conference
Date: 1984-03-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local and international journalists attend a press conference with Salvadoran presidential candidate for the party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, Roberto D’Aubuisson, center left, following the national presidential elections two days earlier in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 27, 1984. José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, Christian Democratic Party, PDC, was officially declared the winner after a second run-off election that ended on May 12, 1984.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; Oligarchy; Human rights violations; Death squads; Foreign correspondents; Roberto D’Aubuisson; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Partido Demócrata Cristiano (PDC)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Roberto D’Aubuisson; Patrick Hamilton; Matthew Naythons; Roland Neveu; Joesph Frazier
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0266_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96459
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Right-Wing Death Squad Victim In San Salvador
Date: 1984-09-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A man killed by a right-wing death squad lies on the floor of the city morgue in San Salvador, El Salvador, September 24, 1984. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Civilian casualties; Death squads; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0165_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96293
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Officers Attend A Military Ceremony In Santa Tecla
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran military commanders and the head of the Treasury Police Colonel Nicolás Carranza, 3rd left, sit during a military ceremony at the Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. Carranza worked with Roberto D'Aubuisson and José Guillermo García to establish the paramilitary network of death squads around the country in the late 1970s. As Vice Minister of Defense from 1979 to 1981 and head of the notorious Treasury Police in 1983, he exercised command over the forces responsible for widespread attacks on civilians. A paid CIA informant who received $90,000 annually to procure intelligence on the Salvadoran left, he resided in the United States from 1985 until his death in 2017. In 2015, Carranza was found guilty in United States Federal District Court for crimes against humanity, extrajudicial assassination, and torture.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Human rights violations; Death squads; Trials; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Roberto D'Aubuisson; José Guillermo García; Nicolás Carranza
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Nicolás Carranza
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0007_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96135
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Election Poster In Mejicanos Neighborhood
Date: 1984-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Pedestrians walk past a presidential election poster for the right-wing political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, on their way home from work in the Mejicanos neighborhood of San Salvador, El Salvador, May 1, 1984. ARENA was founded in 1981 from a convergence of the landowning oligarchy and the extreme anti-communist right. The party received formative support from Guatemala's fascist ultra-right political party Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, and from several influential members of the Republican party of the United States. Roberto D'Aubuisson, founding member of ARENA and the presidential candidate for the party in the 1984 elections, was known to have close ties to the death squads and had a reputation for extreme violence.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Oligarchy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Death squads; Human rights violations; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN); Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0293_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96421
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Treasury Police Head Nicolás Carranza
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran Treasury Police Colonel Nicolás Carranza sits during a military ceremony at the Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. Carranza worked with Roberto D’Aubuisson and José Guillermo García to establish the paramilitary network of death squads around the country in the late 1970s. As Vice Minister of Defense from 1979 to 1981 and head of the notorious Treasury Police in 1983, he exercised command over the forces responsible for widespread attacks on civilians. A paid CIA informant who received $90,000 annually to procure intelligence on the Salvadoran left, he resided in the United States from 1985 until his death in 2017. In 2015, Carranza was found guilty in United States Federal District Court for crimes against humanity, extrajudicial assassination, and torture.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Human rights violations; Death squads; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Roberto D’Aubuisson; José Guillermo García; Nicolás Carranza
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Nicolás Carranza
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0114_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96581
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Security Guard For Roberto D'Aubuisson In Volatile Suchitoto
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A private security guard for Roberto D'Aubuisson, center, speaks with Salvadoran army soldiers about potential leftist guerrilla attacks in Suchitoto, El Salvador, March 1, 1982. D'Aubuisson founded the right-wing political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, in 1980. He was known to have close ties to the death squads and had a reputation for extreme violence.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Death squads; Human rights violations; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0181_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96309
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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