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- Title
- Captured Members Of ORDEN, A Right Wing Paramilitary Unit In Chalatenango Department
- Date
- 1981-02-22
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, interrogate a family member involved in the paramilitary group Organización Democrática Nacionalista, National Democratic Organization, ORDEN, seated center right, after a takeover of a nearby village in Santa Anita, El Salvador, February 22, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Death squads; Human rights violations; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0091_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96219
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civil Defense Units In Rural San Vicente Department
- Date
- 1982-03-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Three Salvadoran civil defensemen stand near their fortified position in a village on the outskirts of San Vicente, El Salvador, March 1, 1982. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the authoritarian state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. It is reported that the civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0147_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96275
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilian Checked By Guatemalan Army In Quiché
- Date
- 1982-02-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A civilian is checked for weapons by Guatemalan army soldiers outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1981 the Lucas García military regime and the Guatemalan army initiated a brutal counterinsurgency program of scorched earth tactics to consolidate control over civilians and counteract the influence of the guerrilla insurgency. The genocidal policies enacted by Lucas García and later by Ríos Montt were also intended to eradicate the culture and identity of the indigenous population.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Military; Counterinsurgency; Daily life
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_nb_0065_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96790
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilian Dies In Cross Fire Between FMLN Guerrillas And Government Security Forces
- Date
- 1984-10-24
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- The body of a dead Salvadoran civilian is taken away in a vehicle after a previous day's firefight between members of the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, and Salvadoran security troops in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 24, 1984. The man was leaving work for his home in a government housing project. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Civilian casualties; Counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0032_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96160
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion as soldiers advance during a military operation in pursuit of FMLN guerrillas in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0264_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96392
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0267_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96395
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion as soldiers advance in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the FMLN guerrilla coalition. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0049_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96177
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Daily life
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0273_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96466
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion as soldiers advance in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the FMLN guerrilla coalition. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Daily life; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0163_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96630
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians In Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel Department
- Date
- 1984-10-23
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A young boy sits in a home in Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel department, El Salvador, October 23, 1984. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The possibility of a negotiated settlement between the groups was visible as early as 1981, but the United States consistently discouraged the army from negotiating with the guerrillas. Only after a decade of inconclusive combat was Washington willing to acknowledge that military victory was unattainable, and the diplomatic solutions settled in the 1992 peace accords were not fundamentally different from the ones the army had resisted for years.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Communism; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0030_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96158
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Line Up To Vote In National Elections In Sololá, Guatemala
- Date
- 1982-03-07
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan Army soldiers oversee indigenous Maya civilians as they stand in line to vote in Guatemala's national elections, Sololá, Guatemala, March 7, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the civilian candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Elections; Voting; Military; Counterinsurgency; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Efraín Ríos Montt
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_ct_0047_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96896
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Line Up To Vote In National Elections In Sololá, Guatemala
- Date
- 1982-03-07
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan Army soldiers oversee indigenous Maya civilians as they stand in line to vote in Guatemala's national elections, Sololá, Guatemala, March 7, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the civilian candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Elections; Voting; Military; Counterinsurgency; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Efraín Ríos Montt
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_ct_0050_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96899
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Col. Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez In Department Of Cabañas
- Date
- 1982-10-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2, points to a map describing FMLN guerrilla movement and infiltration routes at the military headquarters in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa's command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
- Country
- El Salvador
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0152_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96280
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Col. Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez In Department Of Cabañas
- Date
- 1982-10-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2, stands in a hallway at the military headquarters in Sensuntepeque, Cabañas department, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa’s command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0043_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96510
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Colonel Byron Lima Estrada Consoloes A Wounded Soldier In Santa Cruz Del Quiché
- Date
- 1982-01-20
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan army Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, left, consoles a wounded soldier brought for medical aid to the army base in the central highlands after a battle with guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base in San Juan Cotzal leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. In retaliation, the Guatemalan army killed 67 civilians in San Juan Cotzal in the following week.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Byron Lima Estrada
- Country
- Guatemala
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Colonel Byron Lima Estrada
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_ct_0020_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96869
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Colonel Byron Lima Estrada Meets A Wounded Soldier In Santa Cruz Del Quiché
- Date
- 1982-01-20
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan army Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, left, meets a wounded soldier brought for medical aid to the army base in the central highlands after a battle with guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base in San Juan Cotzal leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. In retaliation, the Guatemalan army killed 67 civilians in San Juan Cotzal in the following week.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Byron Lima Estrada
- Country
- Guatemala
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Byron Lima Estrada
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_ct_0019_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96868
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez Speaks In Sesuntepeque, Cabañas
- Date
- 1984-09-30
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, former commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2 and current head of the Fourth Brigade, speaks at a public gathering in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, September 30, 1984. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa's command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
- Country
- El Salvador
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0120_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96248
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Dead ERP Guerrilla In San Miguel Department
- Date
- 1983-09-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A dead guerrilla fighter from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, lies on a dirt road after being killed during a Salvadoran army operation in San Miguel department, September 1, 1983. The twelve-year conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Counterinsurgency; Military; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0100_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96228
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Dead ERP Guerrilla In San Miguel Department
- Date
- 1983-09-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Larry Price, photographer with the Philadelphia Enquirer, takes a picture of a dead guerrilla fighter from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, killed during a Salvadoran army operation in San Miguel department, September 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Larry Price
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0080_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96208
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Dead ERP Guerrilla In San Miguel Department
- Date
- 1983-08-23
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A dead guerrilla fighter from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, lies on a dirt road after a military operation by the Atlacatl Battalion in San Miguel department, El Salvador, August 23, 1983. The twelve-year conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military; Military aid; Atlacatl Battalion; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0164_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96631
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image