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Title: Army Checkpoint In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers check bus passengers for weapons in Guatemala City, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Tighter security measures were being taken due to the upcoming presidential elections scheduled for March 7, 1982. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960-1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission determined 93 percent of the violence was perpetrated by the state.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Elections; Daily life; Counterinsurgency; State-sponsored violence
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0125_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96850
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Line Up To Vote In National Elections In Sololá, Guatemala
Date: 1982-03-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Army soldiers oversee indigenous Maya civilians as they stand in line to vote in Guatemala's national elections, Sololá, Guatemala, March 7, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the civilian candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Elections; Voting; Military; Counterinsurgency; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0047_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96896
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Line Up To Vote In National Elections In Sololá, Guatemala
Date: 1982-03-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Army soldiers oversee indigenous Maya civilians as they stand in line to vote in Guatemala's national elections, Sololá, Guatemala, March 7, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the civilian candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Elections; Voting; Military; Counterinsurgency; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0050_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96899
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: A Dead Guatemalan Army Soldier Is Unloaded In Santa Cruz del Quiché Army Base
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Armed Forces soldiers unload a dead combatant from a helicopter at an army base in the central highlands after a battle with guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base in San Juan Cotzal leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. In retaliation, the Guatemalan army killed 67 civilians in San Juan Cotzal in the following week.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0013_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96862
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: A Dead Guatemalan Army Soldier Is Unloaded In Santa Cruz del Quiché Army Base
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Armed Forces soldiers transfer a dead soldier from a helicopter to a stretcher at an army base in the central highlands after a battle with guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base in San Juan Cotzal leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. In retaliation, the Guatemalan army killed 67 civilians in San Juan Cotzal in the following week.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0016_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96865
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: A Dead Guatemalan Army Soldier Is Unloaded In Santa Cruz del Quiché Army Base
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Armed Forces soldiers transfer a dead soldier from a helicopter to a stretcher at an army base in the central highlands after a battle with guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base in San Juan Cotzal leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. In retaliation, the Guatemalan army killed 67 civilians in San Juan Cotzal in the following week.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0018_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96867
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Explosion At National Congress Building In Guatemala City
Date: 1981-12-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Firemen and rescue workers look over the entrance to the National Congress Building destroyed in a bomb explosion in Guatemala City, Guatemala, December 1, 1981. Leftist guerrillas claimed responsibility for the bomb blast. By early 1982, the urban insurgency in Guatemala City would be almost completely eradicated by government security forces and paramilitary forces.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Insurgency; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Guerrilla warfare; Cold War
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0017_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96740
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Explosion At National Congress Building In Guatemala City
Date: 1981-12-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Firemen and rescue workers look over the entrance to the National Congress Building destroyed in a bomb explosion in Guatemala City, Guatemala, December 1, 1981. Leftist guerrillas claimed responsibility for the bomb blast. By early 1982, the urban insurgency in Guatemala City would be almost completely eradicated by government security forces and paramilitary forces.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Insurgency; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Guerrilla warfare; Cold War
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0013_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96736
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Explosion At National Congress Building In Guatemala City
Date: 1981-12-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Firemen and rescue workers look over the entrance to the National Congress Building destroyed in a bomb explosion in Guatemala City, Guatemala, December 1, 1981. Leftist guerrillas claimed responsibility for the bomb blast. By early 1982, the urban insurgency in Guatemala City would be almost completely eradicated by government security forces and paramilitary forces.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Insurgency; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Guerrilla warfare; Cold War
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0015_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96738
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department
Date: 1981-02-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Close-up of an unidentified guerrilla from the leftist organization Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, as he stands in formation with others at a camp near Santa Anita in Chalatenango department, El Salvador, February 23, 1981. The FPL formed on April 1, 1970 and experienced broad support, particularly among the rural sectors of the population, as a consequence of increased state repression and exclusion from political participation.
Subject: El Salvador; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0014_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96481
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents watch as Guatemalan army soldiers show captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0095_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96820
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents watch as Guatemalan army soldiers show captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0096_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96821
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents watch as Guatemalan army soldiers show captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The brutality and escalation in violence by state military forces led EGP to join the Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT, and Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas, Revolutionary Organization of People in Arms, ORPA, to establish the guerrilla coalition Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca, Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity, URNG, in February of 1982. URNG and the Guatemalan government signed the UN-brokered "Accord for a Firm and Lasting Peace" on December 29, 1996, ending over three decades of conflict.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes (FAR); Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas (ORPA); Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (PGT); Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0097_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96822
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Guatemalan army soldier stands amongst local residents showing captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The brutality and escalation in violence by state military forces led EGP to join the Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT, and Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas, Revolutionary Organization of People in Arms, ORPA, to establish the guerrilla coalition Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca, Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity, URNG, in February of 1982. URNG and the Guatemalan government signed the UN-brokered "Accord for a Firm and Lasting Peace" on December 29, 1996, ending over three decades of conflict.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes (FAR); Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas (ORPA); Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (PGT); Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0098_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96823
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Henry A. Kissinger Visits Honduras As Head Of US Commission On Central America
Date: 1983-10-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Henry A. Kissinger arrives in Tegucigalpa, Honduras to speak with Central American leaders as US President Reagan's head of the US Presidential commission on Central America October 9, 1983. Kissinger intends to promote US foreign policy in the region with increased support for the El Salvadoran government and to approve American military support for the anti-Sandinista Contra army assembling and training on the Honduran-Nicaraguan border. US Ambassador to El Salvador Thomas R. Pickering and Republican US Senator Jack Kemp, left and center, stand behind Kissinger, partially blocked.
Subject: Honduras; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Media
Country: Honduras
Subject -- Personal Name: Henry A. Kissinger; Jack Kemp; Thomas R. Pickering; Lane Kirkland; James Wright
Local Identifier: honduras_nb_0003_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Los Angeles Times Reporter Dial Torgerson in Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Dial Torgerson (1928-1983), the Mexico and Central America bureau chief for the Los Angeles Times, buys roasted peanuts from an indigenous Maya woman across from the Guatemalan Armed Forces regional garrison, upper left, in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Torgerson and the photographer Richard Cross were killed on June 21, 1983 when their vehicle struck a landmine along the Honduran-Nicaraguan border. Initial reports from Western media outlets suggested the car was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade fired from Nicaraguan territory but this was later proved incorrect.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Civilian casualties; Military; Counterinsurgency; Dial Torgerson
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Dial Torgerson
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0034_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96759
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Newsweek Photographer John Hoagland In Nicaragua Covering The Contra War
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Newsweek photographer John Hoagland (1947-1984) walks through mud along a mountainous trail during a Sandinista government trip for journalists to see efforts to fight the US-supported Contras in Nicaragua, January 1983. Hoagland was shot and killed by Salvadoran army soldiers while covering a firefight between Salvadoran soldiers and FMLN guerrillas near Suchitoto, El Salvador on March 16, 1984.
Subject: Nicaragua; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Media
Country: Nicaragua
Subject -- Personal Name: John Hoagland
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0003_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Roadside Fruit Market In Managua, Nicaragua
Date: 1981-11-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman sells bananas and mangoes from a road-side stall in Managua, Nicaragua, November 1981.
Subject: Nicaragua; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: Nicaragua
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0001_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: San Juan Cotzal Military Garrison After Attack By EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Armed Forces soldiers move out in search of armed guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, who attacked the army base one day earlier in San Juan Cotzal, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. In retaliation, the Guatemalan army killed 67 civilians in San Juan Cotzal in the following week.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0014_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96863
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: San Juan Cotzal Military Garrison After Attack By EGP Guerrillas
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Armed Forces soldiers listen to orders before moving out in search of armed guerrillas from the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, who attacked the army base one day earlier in San Juan Cotzal, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Over 100 EGP guerrillas attacked the military's highland base leaving 12 soldiers dead in the official count. According to local civilians and unofficial reports, 34 army soldiers were killed. In retaliation, the Guatemalan army killed 67 civilians in San Juan Cotzal in the following week.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0015_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96864
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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