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Title: CBS Television Staff In San Salvador
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran CBS television producer, Estella Castillo, stands in the doorway of the U.S. network's office at the Camino Real Hotel in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1983. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Estella Castillo
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0225_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96353
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ceremony At National Palace In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-10-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A military-style band marches near the National Palace during a ceremony with General Efraín Ríos Montt in Guatemala City, Guatemala, October 20, 1982. Ríos Montt assumed control through a military coup d'état on March 23, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Dictatorship; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0101_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96826
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ceremony At National Palace In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-10-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A military-style band marches near the National Palace during a ceremony with General Efraín Ríos Montt in Guatemala City, Guatemala, October 20, 1982. Ríos Montt assumed control through a military coup d'état on March 23, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Dictatorship; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0102_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96827
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ceremony At National Palace In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-10-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians watch as General Efraín Ríos Montt arrives for a ceremony at the National Palace in Guatemala City, Guatemala, October 20, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Dictatorship; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0104_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96829
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ceremony At National Palace In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-10-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians watch as General Efraín Ríos Montt arrives for a ceremony at the National Palace in Guatemala City, Guatemala, October 20, 1982. His 17-month term as de facto head of state, in which he installed a military regime, dissolved the congress, and suspended the constitution, is considered the most violent period of the conflict. Ríos Montt enjoyed close ties with the Reagan administration and with Christian conservatives in the United States. He has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Dictatorship; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0105_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96830
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Cheerleaders With Salvadoran Cadets At Military Ceremony
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of cheerleaders from Centro Oxford Escalon perform before uniformed cadets at a military ceremony in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military ceremonies
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0110_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96577
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Christian Fundamentalists In San Salvador
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians listen while a Christian evangelical speaks about God and the Bible in Parque La Libertad, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Religion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0295_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96423
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civil Defense Units In Rural San Vicente Department
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three Salvadoran civil defensemen stand near their fortified position in a village on the outskirts of San Vicente, El Salvador, March 1, 1982. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the authoritarian state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. It is reported that the civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0147_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96275
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Checked By Guatemalan Army In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A civilian is checked for weapons by Guatemalan army soldiers outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1981 the Lucas García military regime and the Guatemalan army initiated a brutal counterinsurgency program of scorched earth tactics to consolidate control over civilians and counteract the influence of the guerrilla insurgency. The genocidal policies enacted by Lucas García and later by Ríos Montt were also intended to eradicate the culture and identity of the indigenous population.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Military; Counterinsurgency; Daily life
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0065_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96790
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: A Civilian Checks On Damage Following A Battle Between The Salvadoran Army And Guerrillas
Date: 1983-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A civilian leaves his battle-damaged home following a firefight between the Salvadoran army and leftist guerrillas in central El Salvador July 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0119_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96586
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Dies In Cross Fire Between FMLN Guerrillas And Government Security Forces
Date: 1984-10-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The body of a dead Salvadoran civilian is taken away in a vehicle after a previous day's firefight between members of the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, and Salvadoran security troops in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 24, 1984. The man was leaving work for his home in a government housing project. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Civilian casualties; Counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0032_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96160
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Funeral In Central El Salvador
Date: 1983-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: UPITN cameraman Godofredo Guedes, right, and sound man Luis Mejia, standing second left, film the casket of a Salvadoran civilian killed in crossfire between the Salvadoran Armed Forces and guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in central El Salvador, July 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Military; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Journalism; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Godofredo Guedes; Luis Mejia
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0264_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96457
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Funeral In San Salvador
Date: 1983-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Family members follow a hearse carrying the body of a civilian found murdered on the side of a road on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0232_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96699
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian In Battle-Torn Cinquera, El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A portrait of a civilian as he sits in front of a building damaged during a battle between guerrillas from the the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, and Salvadoran army soldiers in Cinquera, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. At the time, the country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0223_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96351
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian In San Miguel During ERP and Salvadoran Army Battle
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A civilian resident stands outside his gate, recently painted with the name of a formation of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, La Brigada Arce Zablah, as ERP guerrillas engage in combat with government security forces in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Considered the most militarily powerful of the guerrilla factions that constituted the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, the ERP organized the elite unit Brigada Arce Zablah outside of regular military forces. The brigade takes its name from a former leader within the organization, Rafael Arce Zablah, who was killed in combat in 1975.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0140_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96607
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians and Battle Damage In San Vicente
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Unidentified civilians stand outside a home heavily damaged after a battle between the Salvadoran Armed Forces and guerrillas from Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in San Vicente department, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The twelve-year Salvadoran armed conflict was at its roots a class conflict; the country's high economic disparity had existed since Spanish colonial rule and continued after the peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0115_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96582
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Celebrate Coup Announcement In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Crowds gather in support of the new military junta led by General Efraín Ríos Montt after a successful coup d'état the day earlier in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 24, 1982. In the first days of the coup, Ríos Montt and his military junta received support from many sectors of society who welcomed the shift in power after living through the brutal repression of the previous Lucas García regime. However, after this brief period the repression escalated in both urban and rural areas, with an increase in state-sanctioned massacres of civilians. Ríos Montt has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; United States foreign policy; Coup d'état; Cold War; Dictatorship; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0060_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96909
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Celebrate Coup Announcement In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-03-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of civilians celebrate as they pose with newspapers announcing a coup d'état led by General Efraín Ríos Montt in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 23, 1982. In the first days of the coup, Ríos Montt and his military junta received support from many sectors of society who welcomed the shift in power after living through the brutal repression of the previous Lucas García regime. However, after this brief period the repression escalated in both urban and rural areas, with an increase in state-sanctioned massacres of civilians. Ríos Montt has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; Military; United States foreign policy; Coup d'état; Cold War; Dictatorship; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0052_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96901
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Celebrate Coup Announcement In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-03-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of civilians celebrate as they pose with newspapers announcing a coup d'état led by General Efraín Ríos Montt in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 23, 1982. In the first days of the coup, Ríos Montt and his military junta received support from many sectors of society who welcomed the shift in power after living through the brutal repression of the previous Lucas García regime. However, after this brief period the repression escalated in both urban and rural areas, with an increase in state-sanctioned massacres of civilians. Ríos Montt has since been indicted and tried for genocide and crimes against humanity against the country's Maya Ixil population with the legal proceedings extending until his death on April 1, 2018.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; United States foreign policy; Coup d'état; Cold War; Dictatorship; Efraín Ríos Montt
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0053_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96902
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Cross A River Near A Destroyed Bridge
Date: 1983-06-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians ford a river near a bridge heavily damaged by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Usulután department, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. Throughout the twelve-year armed conflict, the FMLN attacked infrastructure and commerce in campaigns of economic sabotage, further testing military units and disrupting the daily life of civilians.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Economy; Daily life; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0120_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96587
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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