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Title: Civilians Vote in Presidential Elections
Date: 1984-03-25
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman places her ballot after voting in the national presidential elections in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 25, 1984. José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, PDC, was elected president after a second run-off election that ended on May 12, 1984. This victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid, both overt and covert, provided by the United States to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington’s interests.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Politics; Elections; Voting; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0181_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96648
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Col. Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez In Department Of Cabañas
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2, points to a map describing FMLN guerrilla movement and infiltration routes at the military headquarters in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa's command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0152_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96280
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Col. Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez In Department Of Cabañas
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2, stands in a hallway at the military headquarters in Sensuntepeque, Cabañas department, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa’s command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0043_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96510
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez Speaks In Sesuntepeque, Cabañas
Date: 1984-09-30
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, former commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2 and current head of the Fourth Brigade, speaks at a public gathering in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, September 30, 1984. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa's command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0120_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96248
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Death Squad Victims Covered Bodies
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of residents look underneath a sheet covering two bodies killed and dumped by a right-wing death squad on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, February 1, 1982. Death squads in El Salvador emerged from the paramilitary groups Organización Democrática Nacionalista, National Democratic Organization, ORDEN, and Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, founded in the early 1960s with funding and administrative assistance from the C.I.A. and U.S. agents during the Kennedy administration. In the civil war the death squads were organized primarily by the right-wing landowning oligarchy and members of the political and military elite, including founder of the political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Death squads; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0017_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96484
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0032_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96881
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0038_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96887
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0039_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96888
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0042_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96891
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: José Napoleón Duarte After 1982 Election
Date: 1982-03-28
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: President of the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, Revolutionary Government Junta, JRG, José Napoleón Duarte addresses a press conference following the presidential election in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 28, 1982. National elections were called to transition power from the JRG to a provisional civilian president. The Constituent Assembly elected Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja to succeed Duarte on May 2, 1982.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Partido Demócrata Cristiano (PDC); José Napoleón Duarte; Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno (JRG); Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: José Napoleón Duarte
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0052_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96180
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: José Napoleón Duarte After 1982 Election
Date: 1982-03-28
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: President of the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, Revolutionary Government Junta, JRG, José Napoleón Duarte addresses a press conference following the presidential election in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 28, 1982. National elections were called to transition power from the JRG to a provisional civilian president. The Constituent Assembly elected Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja to succeed Duarte on May 2, 1982.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Partido Demócrata Cristiano (PDC); José Napoleón Duarte; Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno (JRG); Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: José Napoleón Duarte
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0053_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96181
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Photographer In Rural Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A local photographer prepares to take a picture in a rural town in Huehuetenango department, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0094_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96943
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mario Sandoval Alarcón In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Presidential candidate Mario Sandoval Alarcón, the leader of the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, speaks to media during an interview in Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 1, 1982. Sandoval was one of the CIA's leading protégés in the 1954 coup to overthrow democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz. Known as the "godfather" of the Central American death squads, he trained the notorious Salvadoran Roberto D'Aubuisson along with other paramilitary and death squad leaders. Sandoval was a leader and organizer of the Guatemalan chapter of the World Anti-Communist Leage (WACL), which served as an international lobby for covert and paramilitary operations including funding for the contras in Nicaragua and Operation Condor in the Southern Cone.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Politics; Government; Elections; Cold War; Coup d'état; Military; Death squads; Counterinsurgency; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN); Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0063_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96788
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mario Sandoval Alarcón Interviewed After Coup By Ríos Montt
Date: 1982-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Mario Sandoval Alarcón, the candidate from the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, in the 1982 presidential elections, is interviewed by journalists following a military coup d'état the previous day in Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 24, 1982. Sandoval was one of the CIA's leading protégés in the 1954 coup to overthrow democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz. Known as the "godfather" of the Central American death squads, he trained the notorious Salvadoran Roberto D'Aubuisson along with other paramilitary and death squad leaders. Sandoval was a leader and organizer of the Guatemalan chapter of the World Anti-Communist Leage (WACL), which served as an international lobby for covert and paramilitary operations including funding for the contras in Nicaragua and Operation Condor in the Southern Cone.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Government; Politics; United States foreign policy; Coup d'état; Military; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Cold War; Dictatorship; Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0061_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96910
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Nicaraguan Contra Rebels In Northern Nicaragua
Date: 1984-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Nicaraguan contra rebels meet at a house of a local sympathizer before hiking deeper into Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, April 1984.
Subject: Conflict; Civil War; Sandinista; Security; Military; CIA
Country: Nicaragua
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0010_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Nicaraguan Contra Rebels In Nueva Segovia Province
Date: 1984-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Nicaraguan Contra rebels stand at attention during an inspection in Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, April 1984.
Subject: Poverty; Conflict; Security; Civil War; CIA; Media; Press
Country: Nicaragua
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0013_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Nicaraguan Contra Rebels In Nueva Segovia Province
Date: 1984-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Nicaraguan Contra rebels rest at a campsite before they move deeper into the country in Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, April 1984.
Subject: Poverty; Conflict; Security; Civil War; CIA
Country: Nicaragua
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0015_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Nicaraguan Contra Rebels In Nueva Segovia Province
Date: 1984-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Nicaraguan Contra rebels stand for a photograph before they move deeper into the country in Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, April 1984.
Subject: Poverty; Conflict; Security; Civil War; CIA
Country: Nicaragua
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0017_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Nicaraguan Contra Rebels In Nueva Segovia Province
Date: 1984-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Nicaraguan Contra rebels stand at attention during an inspection in Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, April 1984.
Subject: Poverty; Conflict; Security; Civil War; CIA; Media; Press
Country: Nicaragua
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0012_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Nicaraguan Contra Rebels In Nueva Segovia Province
Date: 1984-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Nicaraguan Contra rebels load supplies onto a mule as they move deeper into the country in Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, April 1984.
Subject: Poverty; Conflict; Security; Civil War; CIA
Country: Nicaragua
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0014_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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