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Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: View of a cache of weapons and propaganda materials recently seized by the military from a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house with General Benedicto Lucas García, far right, at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. The EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. The EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0030_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96879
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of international journalists are shown a cache of weapons recently found by the military in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house with General Benedicto Lucas García, far right, at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, the Santa Cruz del Quiché garrison commander, center, observes the guerrilla equipment. In 1981 the military regime and the Guatemalan army initiated a brutal counterinsurgency program of scorched earth tactics to consolidate control over civilians and counteract the influence of the guerrilla insurgency. The genocidal policies enacted by President Fernando Romeo Lucas García and later by Efraín Ríos Montt were also intended to eradicate the culture and identity of the indigenous population. For his role as army general in the internal armed conflict, General Benedicto Lucas García was sentenced on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity, aggravated sexual violence, and enforced disappearance. Col. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0037_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96886
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García And Colonel Byron Lima Estrada In Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García, center, receives a map reading from his base commander Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, right, at the regional military base in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. In 1981 the military regime and the Guatemalan army initiated a brutal counterinsurgency program of scorched earth tactics to consolidate control over civilians and counteract the influence of the guerrilla insurgency. The genocidal policies enacted by President Fernando Romeo Lucas García and later by Efraín Ríos Montt were also intended to eradicate the culture and identity of the indigenous population. For his role as army general in the internal armed conflict, General Benedicto Lucas García was sentenced on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity, aggravated sexual violence, and enforced disappearance. Col. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0026_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96875
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García And Colonel Byron Lima Estrada Prepare To Board A Military Helicopter In Santa Cruz Del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-21
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García, left, prepares to board a Bell helicopter with Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, right, on the tarmac of the military base in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 21, 1982. During the flight, General Benedicto Lucas García ordered his two door gunners to shoot at local campesinos on the ground below. Lucas García claimed that since the civilians ran from the approaching military helicopter, they must be guilty of being guerrillas. He later denied that he ordered the gunners to fire. In 1981 the military regime and the Guatemalan army initiated a brutal counterinsurgency program of scorched earth tactics to consolidate control over civilians and counteract the influence of the guerrilla insurgency. The genocidal policies enacted by Lucas García and later by Ríos Montt were also intended to eradicate the culture and identity of the indigenous population.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0023_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96872
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García At Regional Military Garrison In Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García speaks on a military radio at the regional army base in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. President Romeo Lucas García appointed his brother Benedicto Lucas García as chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army in August of 1981 in response to the growing threat of insurgency to the military regime. Benedicto Lucas García was trained in irregular warfare and counterinsurgency at the controversial School of the Americas, SOA, and executed the military's scorched earth campaigns against the civilian Maya population. He was sentenced along with four other Guatemalan ex-officials on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity and aggravated sexual assault against Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen and for the forced disappearance of her 14 year-old brother, Marco Antonio Molina Theissen, in 1981. Lucas García is currently on trial in Guatemala in a separate case of genocide, crimes against humanity, and forced disappearance of the Maya Ixil population during the period he was chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army from 1981 to 1982.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; School of the Americas (SOA); Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0027_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96876
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García In Quiché, Guatemala
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Chief of Army staff General Benedicto Lucas García, center, speaks with Washington Post reporter Christopher Dickey, right, and Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, left, at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Colonel Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García; Chris Dickey
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0116_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García Speaks To International Journalists At Regional Military Garrison In Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García speaks to a group of international journalists regarding a cache of weapons recently found by the military in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house, Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. President Romeo Lucas García appointed his brother Benedicto Lucas García as chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army in August of 1981 in response to the growing threat of insurgency to the military regime. Benedicto Lucas García was trained in irregular warfare and counterinsurgency at the controversial School of the Americas, SOA, and executed the military's scorched earth campaigns against the civilian Maya population. He was sentenced along with four other Guatemalan ex-officials on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity and aggravated sexual assault against Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen and for the forced disappearance of her 14 year-old brother, Marco Antonio Molina Theissen, in 1981. Lucas García is currently on trial in Guatemala in a separate case of genocide, crimes against humanity, and forced disappearance of the Maya Ixil population during the period he was chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army from 1981 to 1982.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; School of the Americas (SOA); Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP); Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0028_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96877
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García Speaks To International Journalists At Regional Military Garrison In Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-19
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García points out possible locations of guerrilla presence on a map to international journalists at the regional military base in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 19, 1982. Guerrilla organizations listed on the map include the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, and the Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas, Revolutionary Organization of People in Arms, ORPA. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission determined 93 percent of the violence was committed by government forces.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; School of the Americas (SOA); Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0012_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96861
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García With Government Officials Addresses The Press After National Elections
Date: 1982-03-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Chief of staff of the Guatemalan Army General Benedicto Lucas García, center, addresses a press conference to denounce claims of fraud during the presidential elections held two days prior, Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 9, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the military-backed candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Coup d'état; Military; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0086_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96811
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Government Officials Including General Benedicto Lucas García Address The Press After National Elections
Date: 1982-03-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Senior Guatemalan government officials with the chief of staff of the Guatemalan Army General Benedicto Lucas García, second right, address a press conference to denounce claims of fraud during the presidential elections held two days prior, Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 9, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the military-backed candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Coup d'état; Military; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0081_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96806
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Government Officials Including General Benedicto Lucas García Address The Press After National Elections
Date: 1982-03-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Chief of staff of the Guatemalan Army General Benedicto Lucas García listens as senior government officials address a press conference to denounce claims of fraud during the presidential elections held two days prior, Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 9, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the military-backed candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Coup d'état; Military; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0082_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96807
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Chief Of Staff General Benedicto Lucas García In Santa Cruz Del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Army chief of staff General Benedicto Lucas García stands in front of the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 1, 1982. President Romeo Lucas García appointed his brother Benedicto Lucas García as chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army in August of 1981 in response to the growing threat of insurgency to the military regime. Benedicto Lucas García was trained in irregular warfare and counterinsurgency at the controversial School of the Americas, SOA, and executed the military's scorched earth campaigns against the civilian Maya population. He was sentenced along with four other Guatemalan ex-officials on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity and aggravated sexual assault against Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen and for the forced disappearance of her 14 year-old brother, Marco Antonio Molina Theissen, in 1981. Lucas García is currently on trial in Guatemala in a separate case of genocide, crimes against humanity, and forced disappearance of the Maya Ixil population while he was chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army from 1981 to 1982.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; School of the Americas; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas Garcia
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0039_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96764
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Chief Of Army Staff General Benedicto Lucas García Addresses The Press After National Elections
Date: 1982-03-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Chief of staff of the Guatemalan Army General Benedicto Lucas García addresses a press conference to denounce claims of fraud during the presidential elections held two days prior, Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 9, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the military-backed candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Coup d'état; Military; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0083_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96808
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Chief Of Army Staff General Benedicto Lucas García Addresses The Press After National Elections
Date: 1982-03-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Chief of staff of the Guatemalan Army General Benedicto Lucas García addresses a press conference to denounce claims of fraud during the presidential elections held two days prior, Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 9, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the military-backed candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Coup d'état; Military; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0084_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96809
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Chief Of Army Staff General Benedicto Lucas García Addresses The Press After National Elections
Date: 1982-03-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Chief of staff of the Guatemalan Army General Benedicto Lucas García addresses a press conference to denounce claims of fraud during the presidential elections held two days prior, Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 9, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the military-backed candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Coup d'état; Military; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0085_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96810
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Chief Of Army Staff General Benedicto Lucas García Addresses The Press After National Elections
Date: 1982-03-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Chief of staff of the Guatemalan Army General Benedicto Lucas García addresses a press conference to denounce claims of fraud during the presidential elections held two days prior, Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 9, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the military-backed candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Coup d'état; Military; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0087_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96812
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Chief Of Army Staff General Benedicto Lucas García Addresses The Press After National Elections
Date: 1982-03-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Chief of staff of the Guatemalan Army General Benedicto Lucas García addresses a press conference to denounce claims of fraud during the presidential elections held two days prior, Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 9, 1982. Various opposition parties were running in the elections against the military-backed candidate Ángel Aníbal Guevara, the chosen successor to outgoing president Fernando Romeo Lucas García. When Guevara was declared the winner, all opposition candidates protested electoral fraud. Two weeks later on March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt led a three-man military junta in a coup d'état and all cabinet ministers were replaced.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Coup d'état; Military; Ángel Aníbal Guevara; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0088_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96813
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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