Search results

Title: Bodies Of Civil Defensemen Killed By FMLN Arrive In Guadalupe, El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents mourn as a truck carrying caskets of dead relatives arrives in Guadalupe, San Vicente department, El Salvador, May 9, 1983. The dead were members of a local civil defense force killed by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0103_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96231
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civil Defense Units In Rural San Vicente Department
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three Salvadoran civil defensemen stand near their fortified position in a village on the outskirts of San Vicente, El Salvador, March 1, 1982. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the authoritarian state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. It is reported that the civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0147_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96275
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians and Battle Damage In San Vicente
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Unidentified civilians stand outside a home heavily damaged after a battle between the Salvadoran Armed Forces and guerrillas from Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in San Vicente department, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The twelve-year Salvadoran armed conflict was at its roots a class conflict; the country's high economic disparity had existed since Spanish colonial rule and continued after the peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0115_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96582
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Family Wedding Ceremony Near San Vicente
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of young bridesmaids and family members walk to a wedding ceremony near San Vicente, El Salvador, March 1, 1983. The twelve-year Salvadoran armed conflict was at its roots a class conflict; the country's high economic disparity had existed since Spanish colonial rule and continued after the peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0230_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96697
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Farmer With Land Grant
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An unidentified farmer stands in his field of tomatoes after receiving the title to his family’s new plot of land in San Vicente department, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. He received the title as part of a national agrarian reform and land transfer program initiated in 1980. The reform, which was designed and funded by the United States, followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0030_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96497
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Farmer With Land Grant
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An unidentified farmer, right, speaks to a field worker, left, in San Vicente department, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. The land had been newly transferred to the farmer as part of a national agrarian reform and land transfer program initiated in 1980. The reform, which was designed and funded by the United States, followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0031_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96498
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Farming Family With Land Grant
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An unidentified farmer stands with his family as he holds the title to their new plot of land in San Vicente department, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. He received the title as part of a national agrarian reform and land transfer program initiated in 1980. The reform, which was designed and funded by the United States, followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0029_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96496
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran army soldiers stand in the streets following a guerrilla attack on a civil defense post in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, attacked overnight killing six civil defensemen before Salvadoran army soldiers arrived the next morning to retake the town. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military; Counterinsurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0312_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96128
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The sister of a civil defenseman, center, faints upon hearing of the death of her brother during an overnight attack on the civil defense post in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, attacked overnight killing six civil defensemen before Salvadoran army soldiers arrived the next morning to retake the town.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0144_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96272
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians look over the dead bodies of three civil defensemen killed during an overnight attack by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0145_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96273
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians look over the dead bodies of three civil defensemen killed during an overnight attack by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the authoritarian state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. It is reported that the civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0146_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96274
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The sister of a civil defenseman faints upon hearing of the death of her brother during an overnight attack on the civil defense post in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, attacked overnight killing six civil defensemen before Salvadoran army soldiers arrived the next morning to retake the town, 50 kms from San Salvador. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0074_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96202
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians look over the dead bodies of three civil defensemen killed during an overnight attack by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0020_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96487
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Journalists And Civilians Navigate The Pan American Highway
Date: 1983-06-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran journalist uses a white flag to indicate to armed guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, ahead on the road that he and his colleagues are traveling in peace along the Pan American Highway to San Vicente, El Salvador, June 24, 1983. Control of the Pan American Highway in El Salvador continually changed hands between FPL guerrillas and state security forces throughout the armed conflict. It is estimated that nearly 40 journalists lost their lives in the twelve-year civil war.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Economy; Development; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0234_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96362
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Journalists And Locals Navigate The Pan American Highway Near San Vicente
Date: 1983-06-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: United Press International, UPI, photographer Ivan Montesinos, center, uses a white flag to indicate to armed guerrillas ahead on the road that he and his colleagues are traveling in peace along the Pan American Highway to San Vicente, El Salvador, June 24, 1983. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion. It is estimated that nearly 40 journalists lost their lives in the twelve-year conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Economy; Development; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Ivan Montecinos
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0233_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96361
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Journalists In San Vicente, El Salvador
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three journalists working for international media, UPI reporter Michael Drudge, left, UPI photographer Ivan Montecinos, center, and Newsweek photographer John Hoagland, right, stand for a photograph in San Vicente, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. The three journalists were reporting on recent programs by the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, in San Vicente.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Psychological warfare; Foreign aid; Humanitarian aid; Cold War; United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Michael Drudge; Ivan Montecinos; John Hoagland
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0207_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96335
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Media Waits For Salvadoran Military Operation To Begin
Date: 1982-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Journalists Ivan Montesinos (UPI), left, Victor Tobar (Visnews), center left standing, Erico Zas Cano (Visnews), center, and Luis Alberto Romero (AP), right, are pictured before the arrival of a military convoy in the department of San Vicente, El Salvador, May 1, 1982. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Journalists; Foreign correspondents; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Ivan Montesinos; Victor Tobar; Erico Zas Cano; Luis Alberto Romero
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0149_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96277
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Newsweek Photojournalist John Hoagland
Date: 1983-06-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Newsweek photographer John Hoagland (1947-1984) stands next to a United States-supplied UH-2 helicopter during a Salvadoran civil defense training course in San Vicente department, El Salvador, June 20, 1983. Hoagland was killed in a crossfire between guerrillas and the Salvadoran Armed Forces near Suchitoto, El Salvador on March 16, 1984. The twelve-year war ultimately claimed the lives of 24 journalists.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Civilian casualties; Military; Military aid; Counterinsurgency; John Hoagland
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: John Hoagland
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0115_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96243
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Rural Land Distribution In San Vicente Department
Date: 1983-06-26
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran husband and wife couple stand on their deeded farmland in San Vicente department, El Salvador, June 26, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0235_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96363
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Air Force Helicopter Flies Near San Vicente Volcano
Date: 1984-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran Air Force door gunner watches the terrain below while on patrol near the San Vicente volcano in central San Vicente department, El Salvador, September 1, 1984. As early as 1950, the United States provided extensive support in the establishment of a counterintelligence apparatus for the Salvadoran military and police forces, in addition to direct military funding and assistance. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0208_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96675
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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