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Title: Atlacatl Battalion In Pursuit Of FMLN Guerrillas In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran soldiers of the Atlacatl Battalion stop during a military operation in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Rapid reaction battalions were trained in counterinsurgency tactics to combat guerrilla warfare and were designed and funded by the United States military. The Atlacatl Battalion was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0105_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96233
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian In San Miguel During ERP and Salvadoran Army Battle
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A civilian resident stands outside his gate, recently painted with the name of a formation of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, La Brigada Arce Zablah, as ERP guerrillas engage in combat with government security forces in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Considered the most militarily powerful of the guerrilla factions that constituted the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, the ERP organized the elite unit Brigada Arce Zablah outside of regular military forces. The brigade takes its name from a former leader within the organization, Rafael Arce Zablah, who was killed in combat in 1975.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0140_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96607
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Attack On San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran guerrilla from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, holds a Heckler & Koch G3 assault rifle across his shoulders during an attack in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. The guerrilla's weapon and clothing were likely sold to him or captured from a member of the Salvadoran Armed Forces. The trading of arms and uniforms to the guerrilla insurgency presented a lucrative opportunity for underpaid army soldiers throughout the war.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military aid; Guerrilla warfare; Insurgency; Arms trade; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0154_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96621
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Guerrilla Attack In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran soldiers with the Guardia Nacional and Policía Nacional take cover during an attack by guerrillas from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Both the Guardia Nacional and the Policía Nacional, along with the Policía de Hacienda, were dissolved and demobilized as a part of the Chapultepec Peace Accords in 1992 for grave human rights violations committed before and during the twelve-year civil war.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Guerrilla warfare; Insurgency; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0148_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96615
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Guerrilla Attack In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran soldiers with the Guardia Nacional and Policía Nacional take cover during an attack by guerrillas from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Both the Guardia Nacional and the Policía Nacional, along with the Policía de Hacienda, were dissolved and demobilized as a part of the Chapultepec Peace Accords in 1992 for grave human rights violations committed before and during the twelve-year civil war.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Guerrilla warfare; Insurgency; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0149_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96616
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Guerrilla Attack In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran soldiers with the Guardia Nacional and Policía Nacional take cover during an attack by guerrillas from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Both the Guardia Nacional and the Policía Nacional, along with the Policía de Hacienda, were dissolved and demobilized as a part of the Chapultepec Peace Accords in 1992 for grave human rights violations committed before and during the twelve-year civil war.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Guerrilla warfare; Insurgency; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0150_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96617
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Guerrilla Attack In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran soldiers with the Guardia Nacional and Policía Nacional take cover during an attack by guerrillas from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Both the Guardia Nacional and the Policía Nacional, along with the Policía de Hacienda, were dissolved and demobilized as a part of the Chapultepec Peace Accords in 1992 for grave human rights violations committed before and during the twelve-year civil war.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Guerrilla warfare; Insurgency; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0157_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96624
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Guerrilla During Attack In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Portrait of a guerrilla from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, as she stands in front of a Salvadoran government building occupied during an ERP attack in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Salvadoran women were present in all levels of leadership in guerrilla organizations, constituting their significant incorporation into the political struggle. An estimated 30% of the full force of the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, was comprised of women.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0145_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96612
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Guerrilla In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A guerrilla from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, stands on the street as black smoke rises during combat with government security forces in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Salvadoran guerrilla organizations formed in the early 1970s and experienced broad support, particularly among the rural sectors of the population, as a consequence of increased state repression and exclusion from political participation.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0142_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96609
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Guerrillas In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guerrillas from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, stand on the street as black smoke rises during combat with government security forces in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. The ERP were considered the most militarily powerful of the guerrilla factions that constituted the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0141_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96608
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Soldiers Appear After An ERP Guerrilla Attrack In Eastern El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran army soldiers walk past a burned dead body as they enter a government compound that had recently been attacked by leftist guerrillas from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, on the outskirts of San Miguel, eastern El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0096_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96563
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A United States-supplied 120mm mortar is set on a practice range inside a garrison for training new recruits at a Salvadoran army base in San Miguel, El Salvador, May 1, 1982. As early as 1950, the United States provided extensive support in the establishment of a counterintelligence apparatus for the Salvadoran military and police forces, in addition to direct military funding and assistance. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0151_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96279
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer trained at the School of the Americas, SOA, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, right, instructs new recruits at an army base in San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. SOA was founded in 1946 by the United States Department of Defense as a training school for Latin American military and police forces. At the advent of the Cold War, the school was assigned an aggressive anti-communist counterinsurgency strategy and many graduates returned to their countries to lead and participate in repressive regimes plagued with human rights abuses.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Cold War; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0140_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96268
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer trained at the School of the Americas, SOA, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, right, instructs new recruits at an army base in San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. After SOA was removed from its base in Panama in 1984, the school opened at Fort Benning, Georgia in the United States. In 2000, SOA was briefly shut down amidst international concerns of human rights violations, only to be reopened in 2001 as the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC). WHINSEC currently resides in the same location at Fort Benning, retaining many of the same advisors, instructors, and curriculum from SOA and is less transparent than its predecessor.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Cold War; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0141_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96269
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran army recruits practice teamwork drills led by a Salvadoran officer trained at the School of the Americas, SOA, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, at an army base in San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. SOA was founded in 1946 by the United States Department of Defense as a training school for Latin American military and police forces. At the advent of the Cold War, the school was assigned an aggressive anti-communist counterinsurgency agenda and many graduates returned to their countries to lead and participate in repressive regimes plagued with human rights abuses.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0075_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96203
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: New recruits perform physical exercises directed by Salvadoran army officers trained at the School of the Americas, SOA, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, at a Salvadoran army base in San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. SOA was founded in 1946 by the United States Department of Defense as a training school for Latin American military and police forces. At the advent of the Cold War, the school was assigned an aggressive anti-communist counterinsurgency agenda and many graduates returned to their countries to lead and participate in repressive regimes plagued with human rights abuses.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0036_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96503
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer trained by United States Army instructors, center, instructs new recruits at an army base, San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. As early as 1950, the United States provided extensive support in the establishment of a counterintelligence apparatus for the Salvadoran military and police forces, in addition to direct military funding and assistance. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0026_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96493
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer instructs new recruits at an army base in San Miguel, El Salvador July 1, 1982. Lack of opportunity for social and economic ascension led many young Salvadorans towards military inscription.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0027_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96494
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer trained at the School of the Americas, SOA, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, center, instructs new recruits at an army base, San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Many of the human rights violations that have occurred in El Salvador have stemmed from military personnel that came from the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, WHINSEC, formerly known as the School of the Americas. The military personnel who killed Archbishop Óscar Romero, the six Jesuit priests and their housekeeper and her daughter, Father Rutilio Grande, and the four U.S. Catholic nuns in El Salvador, amongst others, were all trained at the School of the Americas.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0033_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96500
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: New recruits perform physical exercises directed by Salvadoran army officers trained at the School of the Americas, SOA, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, at a Salvadoran army base in San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. SOA was founded in 1946 by the United States Department of Defense as a training school for Latin American military and police forces. At the advent of the Cold War, the school was assigned an aggressive anti-communist counterinsurgency agenda and many graduates returned to their countries to lead and participate in repressive regimes plagued with human rights abuses.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0035_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96502
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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