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- Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
- Date
- 1982-02-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A group of international journalists are shown captured weapons from a guerrilla safe house found by the Guatemalan Army in the regional military garrison run by Colonel Byron Lima Estrada in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Col. Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison. He received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, Lima Estrada served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns against the Maya population in the highlands. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which remains one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Byron Lima Estrada
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_nb_0070_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96795
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
- Date
- 1982-02-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan army Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, center right, the commander of the Quiché department army garrison, looks over captured weapons and explosives found in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house outside of Santa Cruz del Quiche, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Lima Estrada received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, he served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns in the 1980s. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Cold War; Byron Lima Estrada
- Country
- Guatemala
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Byron Lima Estrada
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_ct_0035_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96884
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
- Date
- 1982-02-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A group of international journalists are shown captured weapons from a guerrilla safe house found by the Guatemalan Army in the regional military garrison run by Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, left, in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Col. Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison. He received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, Lima Estrada served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns against the Maya population in the highlands. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which remains one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Byron Lima Estrada
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_nb_0064_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96789
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department
- Date
- 1981-02-23
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Close-up of an unidentified guerrilla from the leftist organization Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, as he stands in formation with others at a camp near Santa Anita in Chalatenango department, El Salvador, February 23, 1981. The FPL formed on April 1, 1970 and experienced broad support, particularly among the rural sectors of the population, as a consequence of increased state repression and exclusion from political participation.
- Subject
- El Salvador; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0014_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96481
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Guatemalan Army Chief Of Staff General Benedicto Lucas García In Santa Cruz Del Quiché
- Date
- 1982-01-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan Army chief of staff General Benedicto Lucas García stands in front of the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 1, 1982. President Romeo Lucas García appointed his brother Benedicto Lucas García as chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army in August of 1981 in response to the growing threat of insurgency to the military regime. Benedicto Lucas García was trained in irregular warfare and counterinsurgency at the controversial School of the Americas, SOA, and executed the military's scorched earth campaigns against the civilian Maya population. He was sentenced along with four other Guatemalan ex-officials on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity and aggravated sexual assault against Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen and for the forced disappearance of her 14 year-old brother, Marco Antonio Molina Theissen, in 1981. Lucas García is currently on trial in Guatemala in a separate case of genocide, crimes against humanity, and forced disappearance of the Maya Ixil population while he was chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army from 1981 to 1982.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; School of the Americas; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas Garcia
- Country
- Guatemala
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Benedicto Lucas García
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_nb_0039_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96764
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Guatemalan Army Helicopter Gunners On Patrol
- Date
- 1982-01-21
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan Army soldiers prepare to fire on indigenous Maya civilians from a U.S.-made Bell helicopter flown by Guatemalan Army chief of staff Benedicto Lucas García near Los Encuentros, Guatemala, January 21, 1982. Lucas García claimed if the locals run from the helicopter, they must be guilty of being guerrillas. From 1981 to 1983, the Guatemalan military employed a counterinsurgency tactic known as scorched earth that holistically targeted the insurgent base through complete destruction of infrastructure and food supply, as well as the persecution of civilians suspected of aiding the guerrilla cause. This three-year period accounts for 81 percent of the violations reported by Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission in the 36-year conflict, with nearly half of all reported violations occurring during 1982.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Military aid; Benedicto Lucas García
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_nb_0042_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96767
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Guatemalan Army Helicopter Gunners On Patrol
- Date
- 1982-01-21
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan Army soldiers open fire on indigenous Maya civilians from a U.S.-made Bell helicopter flown by Guatemalan Army chief of staff Benedicto Lucas García near Los Encuentros, Guatemala, January 21, 1982. Lucas García claimed if the locals run from the helicopter, they must be guilty of being guerrillas. From 1981 to 1983, the Guatemalan military employed a counterinsurgency tactic known as scorched earth that holistically targeted the insurgent base through complete destruction of infrastructure and food supply, as well as the persecution of civilians suspected of aiding the guerrilla cause. This three-year period accounts for 81 percent of the violations reported by Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission in the 36-year conflict, with nearly half of all reported violations occurring during 1982.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Military aid; Benedicto Lucas García
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_nb_0043_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96768
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
- Date
- 1982-02-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_ct_0032_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96881
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
- Date
- 1982-02-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_ct_0038_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96887
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
- Date
- 1982-02-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_ct_0039_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96888
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
- Date
- 1982-02-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_ct_0042_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96891
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Henry A. Kissinger Visits Honduras As Head Of US Commission On Central America
- Date
- 1983-10-09
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Henry A. Kissinger arrives in Tegucigalpa, Honduras to speak with Central American leaders as US President Reagan's head of the US Presidential commission on Central America October 9, 1983. Kissinger intends to promote US foreign policy in the region with increased support for the El Salvadoran government and to approve American military support for the anti-Sandinista Contra army assembling and training on the Honduran-Nicaraguan border. US Ambassador to El Salvador Thomas R. Pickering and Republican US Senator Jack Kemp, left and center, stand behind Kissinger, partially blocked.
- Subject
- Honduras; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Media
- Country
- Honduras
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Henry A. Kissinger; Jack Kemp; Thomas R. Pickering; Lane Kirkland; James Wright
- Local Identifier
- honduras_nb_0003_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Newsweek Photographer John Hoagland In Nicaragua Covering The Contra War
- Date
- 1983-01-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Newsweek photographer John Hoagland (1947-1984) walks through mud along a mountainous trail during a Sandinista government trip for journalists to see efforts to fight the US-supported Contras in Nicaragua, January 1983. Hoagland was shot and killed by Salvadoran army soldiers while covering a firefight between Salvadoran soldiers and FMLN guerrillas near Suchitoto, El Salvador on March 16, 1984.
- Subject
- Nicaragua; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Media
- Country
- Nicaragua
- Subject -- Personal Name
- John Hoagland
- Local Identifier
- nicaragua_nb_0003_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Photo Identity Pictures Displayed In Guatemala City
- Date
- 1982-01-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A window box of identity card pictures is displayed in front of a photography store in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1982. The United States provided extensive support to the Guatemalan military and police programs to establish a counterintelligence apparatus that monitored the activities of all civilians in the name of identifying subversives. This was especially effective in the capital, where the remaining urban insurgency was effectively forced out to the countryside by 1981. The U.S. programs of surveillance that were established in Guatemala as early as the 1950s provided the Guatemalan state ample ability to identify and eradicate its opposition throughout the armed conflict.
- Subject
- Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Foreign aid; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Country
- Guatemala
- Local Identifier
- guatemala_nb_0058_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96783
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Roadside Fruit Market In Managua, Nicaragua
- Date
- 1981-11-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A woman sells bananas and mangoes from a road-side stall in Managua, Nicaragua, November 1981.
- Subject
- Nicaragua; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- Nicaragua
- Local Identifier
- nicaragua_nb_0001_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- US Ambassador To Honduras John D. Negroponte
- Date
- 1983-06-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- US Ambassador to Honduras, John D. Negroponte, speaks to journalists about the US government's support for the Nicaraguan Contras in his office in Tegucigalpa, Honduras June 1983. Negroponte was US Ambassador to Honduras from 1981-1985 and served in the US Foreign Service from 1960 to 1997. He also served in the Bush Administration as the U.S. representative to the United Nations from 2001 to 2004 and was ambassador to Iraq from June 2004 to April 2005.
- Subject
- Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Nicaragua; Contra War; FSLN; Sandinistas
- Country
- Honduras
- Subject -- Personal Name
- John D. Negroponte
- Local Identifier
- honduras_ct_0006_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- US Ambassador To Honduras John D. Negroponte
- Date
- 1983-06-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- US Ambassador to Honduras, John D. Negroponte, speaks to journalists about the US government's support for the Nicaraguan Contras in his office in Tegucigalpa, Honduras June 1983. Negroponte was US Ambassador to Honduras from 1981-1985 and served in the US Foreign Service from 1960 to 1997. He also served in the Bush Administration as the US representative to the United Nations from 2001 to 2004 and was ambassador to Iraq from June 2004 to April 2005.
- Subject
- Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Nicaragua; Contra War; FSLN; Sandinistas
- Country
- Honduras
- Subject -- Personal Name
- John D. Negroponte
- Local Identifier
- honduras_ct_0008_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- US Ammunition Along Honduran-Nicaraguan Border During The Contra War
- Date
- 1982-11-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Bullets for a US supplied M-60 machine gun lie on the ground near a Honduran army outpost along the Honduran-Nicaraguan border November 1982. US military aid to Honduras was known to be handed off to the Nicaraguan Contra army operating camps along the Honduran-Nicaraguan border. The Contras were the various US-backed and funded right-wing rebel groups that were active from 1979 to the early 1990s in opposition to the socialist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction Government in Nicaragua.
- Subject
- Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Nicaragua; Contra War; FSLN; Sandinistas
- Country
- Honduras
- Local Identifier
- honduras_ct_0005_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- US Army Training Officer In Honduras
- Date
- 1983-06-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- US Army LTC Mirus observes Honduran Army soldiers during a rifle training exercise in at a base in Honduras June 1983. The US Army officers and soldiers come under the authority of Southern Command.
- Subject
- Training; Instructor; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid
- Country
- Honduras
- Local Identifier
- honduras_ct_0004_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- U.S.Ambassador To Honduras John D. Negroponte
- Date
- 1983-06-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- US Ambassador to Honduras, John D. Negroponte, speaks to journalists about the US government's support for the Nicaraguan Contras in his office in Tegucigalpa, Honduras June 1983. Negroponte was U.S. Ambassador to Honduras from 1981-1985 and served in the U.S. Foreign Service from 1960 to 1997. He also served in the Bush Administration as the US representative to the United Nations from 2001 to 2004 and was ambassador to Iraq from June 2004 to April 2005.
- Subject
- Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Nicaragua; Contra War; FSLN; Sandinistas
- Country
- Honduras
- Subject -- Personal Name
- John D. Negroponte
- Local Identifier
- honduras_ct_0007_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image