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Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of international journalists are shown captured weapons from a guerrilla safe house found by the Guatemalan Army in the regional military garrison run by Colonel Byron Lima Estrada in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Col. Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison. He received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, Lima Estrada served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns against the Maya population in the highlands. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which remains one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0070_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96795
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, center right, the commander of the Quiché department army garrison, looks over captured weapons and explosives found in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house outside of Santa Cruz del Quiche, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Lima Estrada received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, he served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns in the 1980s. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Cold War; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0035_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96884
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of international journalists are shown captured weapons from a guerrilla safe house found by the Guatemalan Army in the regional military garrison run by Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, left, in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Col. Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison. He received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, Lima Estrada served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns against the Maya population in the highlands. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which remains one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0064_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96789
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Chief Of Staff General Benedicto Lucas García In Santa Cruz Del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Army chief of staff General Benedicto Lucas García stands in front of the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 1, 1982. President Romeo Lucas García appointed his brother Benedicto Lucas García as chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army in August of 1981 in response to the growing threat of insurgency to the military regime. Benedicto Lucas García was trained in irregular warfare and counterinsurgency at the controversial School of the Americas, SOA, and executed the military's scorched earth campaigns against the civilian Maya population. He was sentenced along with four other Guatemalan ex-officials on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity and aggravated sexual assault against Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen and for the forced disappearance of her 14 year-old brother, Marco Antonio Molina Theissen, in 1981. Lucas García is currently on trial in Guatemala in a separate case of genocide, crimes against humanity, and forced disappearance of the Maya Ixil population while he was chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army from 1981 to 1982.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; School of the Americas; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas Garcia
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0039_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96764
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Helicopter Gunners On Patrol
Date: 1982-01-21
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Army soldiers prepare to fire on indigenous Maya civilians from a U.S.-made Bell helicopter flown by Guatemalan Army chief of staff Benedicto Lucas García near Los Encuentros, Guatemala, January 21, 1982. Lucas García claimed if the locals run from the helicopter, they must be guilty of being guerrillas. From 1981 to 1983, the Guatemalan military employed a counterinsurgency tactic known as scorched earth that holistically targeted the insurgent base through complete destruction of infrastructure and food supply, as well as the persecution of civilians suspected of aiding the guerrilla cause. This three-year period accounts for 81 percent of the violations reported by Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission in the 36-year conflict, with nearly half of all reported violations occurring during 1982.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Military aid; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0042_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96767
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Helicopter Gunners On Patrol
Date: 1982-01-21
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Army soldiers open fire on indigenous Maya civilians from a U.S.-made Bell helicopter flown by Guatemalan Army chief of staff Benedicto Lucas García near Los Encuentros, Guatemala, January 21, 1982. Lucas García claimed if the locals run from the helicopter, they must be guilty of being guerrillas. From 1981 to 1983, the Guatemalan military employed a counterinsurgency tactic known as scorched earth that holistically targeted the insurgent base through complete destruction of infrastructure and food supply, as well as the persecution of civilians suspected of aiding the guerrilla cause. This three-year period accounts for 81 percent of the violations reported by Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission in the 36-year conflict, with nearly half of all reported violations occurring during 1982.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Military aid; Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0043_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96768
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0032_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96881
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0038_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96887
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0039_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96888
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Soldiers Travel Through Guerrilla Ambush Territory
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army soldiers armed with Israeli Galil assault rifles travel in a U.S.-manufactured troop transport through possible guerrilla ambush territory outside of Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. In 1954, U.S. economic interests and the United Fruit Company's influence in Guatemala were threatened by nationalist reforms proposed by President Jacobo Árbenz. Invoking Cold War fears of the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA orchestrated a coup d'état to install a succession of military regimes. Before and during the 36-year civil war that began in 1960, the United States government financed and trained Guatemalan military and security forces responsible for state-sanctioned violence against political opponents, guerrilla insurgents, and civilians.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0042_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96891
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Henry A. Kissinger Visits Honduras As Head Of US Commission On Central America
Date: 1983-10-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Henry A. Kissinger arrives in Tegucigalpa, Honduras to speak with Central American leaders as US President Reagan's head of the US Presidential commission on Central America October 9, 1983. Kissinger intends to promote US foreign policy in the region with increased support for the El Salvadoran government and to approve American military support for the anti-Sandinista Contra army assembling and training on the Honduran-Nicaraguan border. US Ambassador to El Salvador Thomas R. Pickering and Republican US Senator Jack Kemp, left and center, stand behind Kissinger, partially blocked.
Subject: Honduras; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Media
Country: Honduras
Subject -- Personal Name: Henry A. Kissinger; Jack Kemp; Thomas R. Pickering; Lane Kirkland; James Wright
Local Identifier: honduras_nb_0003_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Newsweek Photographer John Hoagland In Nicaragua Covering The Contra War
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Newsweek photographer John Hoagland (1947-1984) walks through mud along a mountainous trail during a Sandinista government trip for journalists to see efforts to fight the US-supported Contras in Nicaragua, January 1983. Hoagland was shot and killed by Salvadoran army soldiers while covering a firefight between Salvadoran soldiers and FMLN guerrillas near Suchitoto, El Salvador on March 16, 1984.
Subject: Nicaragua; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Media
Country: Nicaragua
Subject -- Personal Name: John Hoagland
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0003_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Photo Identity Pictures Displayed In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A window box of identity card pictures is displayed in front of a photography store in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1982. The United States provided extensive support to the Guatemalan military and police programs to establish a counterintelligence apparatus that monitored the activities of all civilians in the name of identifying subversives. This was especially effective in the capital, where the remaining urban insurgency was effectively forced out to the countryside by 1981. The U.S. programs of surveillance that were established in Guatemala as early as the 1950s provided the Guatemalan state ample ability to identify and eradicate its opposition throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Daily life; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Foreign aid; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0058_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96783
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Roadside Fruit Market In Managua, Nicaragua
Date: 1981-11-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman sells bananas and mangoes from a road-side stall in Managua, Nicaragua, November 1981.
Subject: Nicaragua; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: Nicaragua
Local Identifier: nicaragua_nb_0001_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Receive Parachute Training By U.S. Military Advisors
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran army soldiers listen to a United States Army instructor during a parachute training exercise overseen by U.S. Army Rangers and Special Forces at the Ilopango air base in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1982. With the escalation of U.S. military aid in 1981, 55 military advisors, or the Mobile Training Team, MTT, arrived in El Salvador and were stationed at bases around the country. The advisors were prohibited from engaging in combat missions with Salvadoran troops and from carrying weapons other than a sidearm. However, regulations on the capacities and number of advisors stationed were largely ignored or circumvented by the Reagan administration.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military aid; Military training; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: United States
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0189_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96317
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Receive Parachute Training By U.S. Military Advisors
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran army soldiers listen to a United States Army instructor during a parachute training exercise overseen by U.S. Army Rangers and Special Forces at the Ilopango air base in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1982. With the escalation of U.S. military aid in 1981, 55 military advisors, or the Mobile Training Team, MTT, arrived in El Salvador and were stationed at bases around the country. Referred to as "trainers" to discourage comparisons with U.S. advisors during the Vietnam War, the trainers in El Salvador worked to strengthen the military capacity of the Salvadoran Armed Forces as well as enforce the preferred military strategy of the war's largest funder, the United States government.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military aid; Military training; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: United States
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0190_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96318
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Receive Parachute Training By U.S. Military Advisors
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran army recruits perform exercises during a parachute training class overseen by United States Army Rangers and Special Forces at the Ilopango air base in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1982. The base was favored by the U.S. military operating in the region as a headquarters for covert activities. Among the operations carried out were C.I.A.-sponsored supply flights to the Nicaraguan contras.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military aid; Military training; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: United States
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0188_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96316
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Security Check In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A security officer in plainclothes and armed with a Galil assault rifle, right, searches a civilian in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. United States involvement in Guatemala began in 1954, when fears of communist influence on President Jacobo Árbenz led to a CIA-engineered coup d'état to install a military regime. In the 36-year civil war that followed, the United States, along with Israel and Argentina, consistently provided military aid and support for counterinsurgency campaigns despite Guatemala's abysmal human rights record.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Military aid; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0072_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96921
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: US Ambassador To Honduras John D. Negroponte
Date: 1983-06-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: US Ambassador to Honduras, John D. Negroponte, speaks to journalists about the US government's support for the Nicaraguan Contras in his office in Tegucigalpa, Honduras June 1983. Negroponte was US Ambassador to Honduras from 1981-1985 and served in the US Foreign Service from 1960 to 1997. He also served in the Bush Administration as the U.S. representative to the United Nations from 2001 to 2004 and was ambassador to Iraq from June 2004 to April 2005.
Subject: Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Nicaragua; Contra War; FSLN; Sandinistas
Country: Honduras
Subject -- Personal Name: John D. Negroponte
Local Identifier: honduras_ct_0006_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: US Ambassador To Honduras John D. Negroponte
Date: 1983-06-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: US Ambassador to Honduras, John D. Negroponte, speaks to journalists about the US government's support for the Nicaraguan Contras in his office in Tegucigalpa, Honduras June 1983. Negroponte was US Ambassador to Honduras from 1981-1985 and served in the US Foreign Service from 1960 to 1997. He also served in the Bush Administration as the US representative to the United Nations from 2001 to 2004 and was ambassador to Iraq from June 2004 to April 2005.
Subject: Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States Foreign Policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Nicaragua; Contra War; FSLN; Sandinistas
Country: Honduras
Subject -- Personal Name: John D. Negroponte
Local Identifier: honduras_ct_0008_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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