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Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A member of a local civil defense force stands for a photograph in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0074_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96923
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0077_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96926
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0080_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96929
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A member of a local civil defense force shows off his rifle as men listen to a local official before heading out to patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0081_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96930
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of a civil defense force listen to a local official before heading out to patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0082_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96931
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An indigenous Maya woman stands in the back of a pickup truck at a civil defense patrol identity checkpoint in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. 83 percent of the victims were indigenous Maya people.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0084_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96933
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0089_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96938
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0090_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96939
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces check a truck driver's identity papers along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0093_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96942
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An indigenous Maya woman observes a civil defense patrol identity checkpoint in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. 83 percent of the victims were indigenous Maya people.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0085_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96934
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces stand for a photograph outside their mountainous village in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0107_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96832
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces stand for a photograph in the village square in Todos Santos, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0086_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96935
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A local civil defense force holds a meeting in the village square in Todos Santos, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0091_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96940
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A local civil defense force holds a meeting in the village square in Todos Santos, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0092_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96941
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A local civil defense force holds a meeting in the village square in Todos Santos, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0095_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96944
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces stand for a photograph outside their mountainous village in rural Todos Santos, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0108_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96833
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Todos Santos
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces stand for a photograph in the village square in rural Todos Santos, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0109_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96834
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Member Of ORDEN Captured By FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department, El Salvador
Date: 1981-02-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A captured member, second right, of the paramilitary militia Organización Democrática Nacionalista, Democratic Nationalist Organization, ORDEN, stands with his family behind a table of weapons following the takeover of their village by leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in San Antonio de la Cruz, El Salvador, February 20, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military; Death squads; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Desaparecidos; Military aid; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); José Alberto Medrano
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0009_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96137
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Members Of ORDEN Captured By FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department, El Salvador
Date: 1981-02-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: One of five captured members of the paramilitary militia Organización Democrática Nacionalista, Democratic Nationalist Organization, ORDEN, stands behind a table of weapons following the takeover of their village by leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in San Antonio de la Cruz, El Salvador, February 20, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military; Death squads; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Desaparecidos; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); José Alberto Medrano
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0006_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96473
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Monterrosa Addresses Civilians In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The commanding officer of the Atlacatl Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa, center, addresses local residents as his soldiers pursue guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Monterrosa trained at the notorious School of the Americas and assumed command of the Atlacatl Battalion, one of the Salvadoran rapid reaction counterinsurgency battalions coordinated and funded by the United States. The Atlacatl Battalion under Monterrosa's authority was responsible for the infamous El Mozote massacre of December 1981, which remains the largest single massacre in recent Latin American history.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; School of the Americas; Domingo Monterrosa; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Domingo Monterrosa
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0260_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96388
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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