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Title: Treasury Police In San Salvador
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the Treasury Police stand in formation inside their main garrison, San Salvador, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. The National Guard, the National Police, and the Treasury Police were dissolved and demobilized as a condition of the Chapultepec Peace Accords of 1992 for grave human rights violations committed before and during the twelve-year civil war.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0034_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96501
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Ambassador Deane Hinton Hands A U.S. Flag To Roberto D'Aubuisson In The Constituent Assembly
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: United States Ambassador Deane Hinton, center, hands an American flag to Roberto D'Aubuisson, President of the Constituent Assembly, in San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. In addition to founding the conservative political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, D'Aubuisson was a former official of the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, the intelligence sector of the death squads. He was named responsible as giving the orders for the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero on March 24, 1980.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Human rights violations; Oligarchy; Death squads; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Deane Hinton; Roberto D'Aubuisson; Óscar Romero; Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Deane Hinton; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0156_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96284
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala Frederic L. Chapin
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: United States Ambassador to Guatemala Frederic L. Chapin (1929-1989) responds to questions from a Time magazine reporter during an interview at the U.S. Embassy in Guatemala City, Guatemala, January 1, 1983. Chapin served as U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala from 1981 to 1984 during a period of high political instability and increasing violence and oppression by the military.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Politics; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Human rights violations; Frederic L. Chapin
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Frederic L. Chapin
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0047_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96772
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. And Salvadoran Military Officers At A Ceremony
Date: 1983-06-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Nicolás Carranza, left, head of the Policía de Hacienda, Treasury Police, speaks with Lieutenant Colonel Philip Ray, right, the U.S. Naval Attaché, at a farewell ceremony for Colonel John D. Waghelstein in San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. Waghelstein served as commander of the U.S. advisors stationed in El Salvador since 1981 and was one of the army's leading experts on counterinsurgency warfare. Referred to as "trainers" to discourage comparisons with U.S. advisors during the Vietnam War, the trainers in El Salvador worked to strengthen the military capacity of the Salvadoran Armed Forces as well as enforce the preferred strategy of the war's largest funder, the United States government.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military ceremonies; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Human rights violations; Nicolás Carranza; John D. Waghelstein
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Nicolás Carranza; Philip Ray
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0064_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96192
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Military Advisor Accompanies Salvadoran Army
Date: 1984-09-30
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A United States military advisor, left, accompanies Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez as he speaks at a public gathering in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, September 30, 1984. The U.S. advisor carries an Israeli Galil rifle on his back. Advisors were prohibited from engaging in combat missions with Salvadoran troops and from carrying weapons besides a sidearm. However, regulations on the capacities and number of advisors stationed were largely ignored or circumvented by the Reagan administration.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Cold War; Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0121_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96249
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz Arrives In El Salvador
Date: 1984-01-31
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: United States Secretary of State George Shultz, center, makes an appearance for the media at the Salvadoran Foreign Ministry in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 31, 1984. Secretary Shultz is surrounded by, left to right, Salvadoran Foreign Minister Fidel Chavez Mena, U.S. Ambassador at Large Richard Stone, Salvadoran General Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova, Salvadoran President Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja, U.S. Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering and other Salvadoran and U.S. officials. Considered the "last major battle of the Cold War", the Central American conflicts drew significant attention from Washington, with officials frequently visiting the region to assess strategies as well as encourage the doctrines of military victory and democracy building.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Human rights violations; George Shultz; Fidel Chavez Mena; Richard Stone; Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova; Thomas R. Pickering; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: George Shultz; Fidel Chavez Mena; Richard Stone; Thomas R. Pickering; Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0285_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96413
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Vargas Llosa Goes On Campaign With Roberto D'Aubuisson
Date: 1984-05-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, right, listens to Salvadoran presidential candidate Roberto D'Aubuisson, left, from the right-wing party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, on the campaign trail in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 9, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting and writing about the Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, Christian Democratic Party, PDC, was elected president on May 12, 1984. This victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid, both overt and covert, provided by the United States to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington's interests.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; United States foreign policy; Foreign aid; Military aid; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold war; Human rights violations; Death squads; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Mario Vargas Llosa; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0298_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96426
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Vargas Llosa Interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magana
Date: 1984-05-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, left, interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magaña, right, at the Presidential Palace in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 10, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting on the 1984 Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. Magaña's provisional government, installed in 1982, transferred presidential power from the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, JRG, to a civilian for the first time since the Junta took power in a military coup in 1979. However, Magaña remained heavily influenced by members of the military high command in key policy decisions, which rendered accountability for state crimes and agrarian reform stagnant issues during his presidency.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Government; Politics; Elections; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War; Land reform; Human rights violations; Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0010_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96138
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Vargas Llosa Interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magana
Date: 1984-05-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, left, interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magaña, right, at the Presidential Palace in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 10, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting on the 1984 Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. Magaña's provisional government, installed in 1982, transferred presidential power from the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, JRG, to a civilian for the first time since the Junta took power in a military coup in 1979. However, Magaña remained heavily influenced by members of the military high command in key policy decisions, which rendered accountability for state crimes and agrarian reform stagnant issues during his presidency.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Government; Politics; Elections; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold war; Land reform; Human rights violations; Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0011_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96139
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: View Of Highlands Village In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A view of a village in the highlands where Guatemalan army soldiers have had armed encounters with members of the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. 83 percent of the victims were indigenous Maya people.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0100_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96825
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Woman At Memorial Service For U.S. Churchwomen Killings
Date: 1983-12-02
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An unidentified woman attends a memorial service on the third anniversary of the killing of four United States churchwomen in La Libertad, El Salvador, December 2, 1983. On December 2, 1980, Maryknoll sisters Maura Clarke and Ita Ford, Ursuline nun Dorothy Kazel, and lay missionary Jean Donovan were abducted, sexually abused, and executed near the airport in San Salvador by soldiers of the National Guard. The case figured prominently in debate in the United States Congress over whether El Salvador should continue to receive military aid. Several Salvadoran military officials, including then-head of the National Guard General Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova and then-Minister of Defense General José Guillermo García, were later found to have “assisted or otherwise participated in” attempts to cover up the killings.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Human rights violations; Trials; Religion; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova; José Guillermo García
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0176_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96643
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Woman At Memorial Service For U.S. Churchwomen Killings
Date: 1983-12-02
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An unidentified woman attends a memorial service on the third anniversary of the killing of four United States churchwomen in La Libertad, El Salvador, December 2, 1983. On December 2, 1980, Maryknoll sisters Maura Clarke and Ita Ford, Ursuline nun Dorothy Kazel, and lay missionary Jean Donovan were abducted, sexually abused, and executed near the airport in San Salvador by soldiers of the National Guard. The case figured prominently in debate in the United States Congress over whether El Salvador should continue to receive military aid. Several Salvadoran military officials, including then-head of the National Guard General Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova and then-Minister of Defense General José Guillermo García, were later found to have “assisted or otherwise participated in” attempts to cover up the killings.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Human rights violations; Trials; Religion; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova; José Guillermo García
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0177_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96644
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Wounded ERP Guerrilla Captured By Atlacatl Battalion In San Miguel Department
Date: 1983-08-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A critically wounded guerrilla from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, lies on the ground after being captured by soldiers from the Atlacatl Battalion during a military operation in San Miguel department, El Salvador, August 23, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP); Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0253_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96381
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Wounded ERP Guerrilla Captured By Atlacatl Battalion In San Miguel Department
Date: 1983-08-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A critically wounded guerrilla from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, lies on the ground after being captured by soldiers from the Atlacatl Battalion during a military operation in San Miguel department, El Salvador, August 23, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP); Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0252_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96380
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Wounded ERP Guerrilla Captured By Atlacatl Battalion In San Miguel Department
Date: 1983-08-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A critically wounded guerrilla from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, lies on the ground after being captured by soldiers from the Atlacatl Battalion during a military operation in San Miguel department, El Salvador, August 23, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP); Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0254_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96382
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Wounded Soldier In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A wounded soldier from the Atlacatl Battalion is evacuated during a military operation in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0268_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96396
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Wounded Soldier In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A wounded soldier from the Atlacatl Battalion is evacuated during a military operation in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first Salvadoran rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Atlacatl Battalion; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0047_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96175
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Wounded Soldier In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A wounded soldier from the Atlacatl Battalion is evacuated during a military operation in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Rapid reaction battalions were trained in counterinsurgency tactics to combat guerrilla warfare and were designed and funded by the United States military. The Atlacatl Battalion was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Atlacatl Battalion; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0048_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96176
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Wounded Soldiers In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A wounded officer from the Atlacatl Battalion, second right, is evacuated by soldiers during a military operation in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Rapid reaction battalions were trained in counterinsurgency tactics to combat guerrilla warfare and were designed and funded by the United States military. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0258_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96386
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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