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Title: Ambassador Stone At Ilopango Airport
Date: 1983-08-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: International media crowd United States Ambassador at Large to Central America Richard Stone as he prepares to depart at Ilopango Airport, San Salvador, El Salvador, August 1, 1983. Stone was facilitating preliminary peace talks between guerrilla leaders from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, FMLN, and the Salvadoran government. Negotiations between the groups were ongoing throughout the twelve-year civil war. United States involvement in the Salvadoran armed conflict can be traced to a strategic hegemonic dominance favored by U.S. policy in Latin America, as well as Cold War-era concerns over the spread of communism after the revolutions in Cuba and Nicaragua.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War; Communism; Politics
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Richard Stone
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0262_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96455
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of international journalists are shown captured weapons from a guerrilla safe house found by the Guatemalan Army in the regional military garrison run by Colonel Byron Lima Estrada in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Col. Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison. He received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, Lima Estrada served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns against the Maya population in the highlands. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which remains one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0070_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96795
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of international journalists are shown captured weapons from a guerrilla safe house found by the Guatemalan Army in the regional military garrison run by Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, left, in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Col. Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison. He received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, Lima Estrada served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns against the Maya population in the highlands. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which remains one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0064_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96789
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Dutch Human Rights Investigative Team Leaving Camino Real Hotel In San Salvador
Date: 1982-03-22
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of human rights investigators from Holland leave the El Camino Real Hotel in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 22, 1982. The group came to investigate the death of four Dutch journalists shot and killed by Salvadoran security forces while they were pursuing an interview with leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in the Chalatenango department. The Salvadoran government and the United States embassy in El Salvador denied knowledge of the ambush, claiming that the journalists were caught in an ongoing firefight between guerrilla soldiers and the military. This fact was later refuted with witness testimony in the 1993 publication of the United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Military; Counterinsurgency; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0164_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96292
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Four Dutch Journalists Killed in El Salvador During Trip to Interview FMLN Guerrillas
Date: 1982-03-19
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the media gather in a funeral parlor to film the dead body of a Dutch journalist killed in guerrilla territory two days earlier, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 19, 1982. Jacobus (Koos) Koster, Hans Ter Laan, Jan Kuiper and Johannes (Joop) Willemsen were shot and killed by Salvadoran military forces while they were pursuing an interview with leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in the Chalatenango department. The Salvadoran government and the United States embassy in El Salvador denied knowledge of the ambush, claiming that the journalists were caught in an ongoing firefight between guerrilla soldiers and the military. This fact was later refuted with witness testimony in the 1993 publication of the United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Military; Counterinsurgency; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0136_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96264
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Journalists In San Vicente, El Salvador
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three journalists working for international media, UPI reporter Michael Drudge, left, UPI photographer Ivan Montecinos, center, and Newsweek photographer John Hoagland, right, stand for a photograph in San Vicente, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. The three journalists were reporting on recent programs by the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, in San Vicente.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Psychological warfare; Foreign aid; Humanitarian aid; Cold War; United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Michael Drudge; Ivan Montecinos; John Hoagland
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0207_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96335
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Post Presidential Press Conference With President José Napoleón Duarte
Date: 1984-05-12
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: International and Salvadoran media attend a press conference given by the newly-elected President José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, Christian Democratic Party, PDC, in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 12, 1984. Duarte was officially declared the winner after a second run-off election between the PDC and the right-wing party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, Nationalist Republican Alliance, ARENA. The PDC victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid provided by the C.I.A. to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington's demands.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Elections; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Foreign correspondents; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Partido Demócrata Cristiano (PDC); Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); José Napoleón Duarte
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0094_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96222
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Richard Stone Arrives At Ilopango Airport
Date: 1983-08-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: U.S. Special Envoy to Central America Richard Stone, center blue shirt, steps off a plane after arriving at Ilopango Airport, San Salvador, El Salvador, August 1, 1983. Appointed by President Reagan for the role of special envoy in 1983, Stone was responsible for heading a new ‘public diplomacy’ operation to sell the administration’s Central American policy. Considered the last major battle of the Cold War, the Central American conflicts drew significant attention from Washington, with officials frequently visiting the region to assess strategies as well as encourage the doctrines of military victory and democracy building.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Media; Foreign correspondents; Politics; Military aid
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Richard Stone; Donald Hamilton
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0128_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96595
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Time Magazine Photographer Robert Nickelsberg
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Hoagland, John
Description: Time magazine photographer Robert Nickelsberg stands for a photograph in San Vicente, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. Nickelsberg was reporting on recent programs by the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, in San Vicente. (Photo by John Hoagland)
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Psychological warfare; Foreign aid; Humanitarian aid; Cold War; United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Robert Nickelsberg
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0257_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96385
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Ambassador To El Salvador Thomas R. Pickering Speaks To The International Press Corps
Date: 1983-11-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: United States Ambassador to El Salvador Thomas R. Pickering, center, answers a question during a media press conference at his official residence in San Salvador, El Salvador, November 1, 1983. Pickering served as U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador from 1983-85 before being named the U.S envoy to Israel.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Media; Foreign correspondents; Politics; Thomas R. Pickering
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Thomas R. Pickering
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0268_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96461
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Embassy Displays Captured FMLN Weapons
Date: 1984-03-17
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: United States Embassy Public Affairs Officer Don Hamilton, right, shows CBS TV reporter Mike O'Connor, center left, three Soviet or Chinese-made rocket propelled grenades, RPGs, captured from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 17, 1984. Throughout the conflict, the United States exaggerated concerns that the Soviet Union, Cuba, and Nicaragua were funding and supplying the Salvadoran guerrillas with weapons and strategic military assistance. Fears that the Soviet Union and its allies in the Western Hemisphere were actively aiding the guerrillas fit within the U.S.-purported definition of the Salvadoran conflict as a hemispheric Cold War battle, though it certainly did not reflect the reality on the ground.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Arms trade; Insurgency; Communism; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Donald Hamilton; Mike O'Connor
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0117_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96245
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Embassy Displays Captured FMLN Weapons
Date: 1984-03-17
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: United States Embassy Public Affairs Officer Don Hamilton shows CBS TV reporter Mike O'Connor, off camera, three Soviet or Chinese-made rocket propelled grenades, RPGs, captured from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, at the U.S. Embassy in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 17, 1984. Throughout the conflict, the United States exaggerated concerns that the Soviet Union, Cuba, and Nicaragua were funding and supplying the Salvadoran guerrillas with weapons and strategic military assistance. Fears that the Soviet Union and its allies in the Western Hemisphere were actively aiding the guerrillas fit within the U.S.-purported definition of the Salvadoran conflict as a hemispheric Cold War battle, though it certainly did not reflect the reality on the ground.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Arms trade; Insurgency; Communism; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Donald Hamilton
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0016_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96144
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz Arrives In El Salvador
Date: 1984-01-31
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran and foreign media collect their equipment following a statement by the United States Secretary of State George Shultz at the U.S. Ambassador's residence in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 31, 1984. Shultz acknowledged the need for significant economic and social reform in El Salvador and was viewed as more moderate than his predecessor, Alexander Haig. Considered the "last major battle of the Cold War", the Central American conflicts drew significant attention from Washington, with officials frequently visiting the region to assess strategies as well as encourage the doctrines of military victory and democracy building.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Foreign aid; Military aid; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War; George Shultz; Alexander Haig
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Arthur Allen
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0012_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96140
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz Arrives In El Salvador
Date: 1984-01-31
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: CBS News field producer Laura Hurtado waits outside a Salvadoran Foreign Ministry building during U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz's visit in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 31, 1984. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Journalists; Foreign correspondents; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Laura Hurtado
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0287_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96415
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Special Envoy to Central America Richard Stone At Ilopango Airport
Date: 1983-08-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: U.S. Special Envoy to Central America Richard Stone steps out of a car at Ilopango Airport, San Salvador, El Salvador, August 1, 1983. Appointed by President Reagan for the role of special envoy in 1983, Stone was responsible for heading a new ‘public diplomacy’ operation to sell the administration’s Central American policy. Considered the last major battle of the Cold War, the Central American conflicts drew significant attention from Washington, with officials frequently visiting the region to assess strategies as well as encourage the doctrines of military victory and democracy building.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Media; Foreign correspondents; Politics; Military aid
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Richard Stone
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0269_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96462
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Special Envoy to Central America Richard Stone At Ilopango Airport
Date: 1983-08-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: U.S. Special Envoy to Central America Richard Stone speaks to local and international journalists at Ilopango Airport, San Salvador, El Salvador, August 1, 1983. Appointed by President Reagan for the role of special envoy in 1983, Stone was responsible for heading a new ‘public diplomacy’ operation to sell the administration’s Central American policy. Considered the last major battle of the Cold War, the Central American conflicts drew significant attention from Washington, with officials frequently visiting the region to assess strategies as well as encourage the doctrines of military victory and democracy building.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Media; Foreign correspondents; Politics; Military aid
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Richard Stone
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0270_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96463
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Vargas Llosa Goes On Campaign With Roberto D'Aubuisson
Date: 1984-05-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, right, listens to Salvadoran presidential candidate Roberto D'Aubuisson, left, from the right-wing party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, on the campaign trail in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 9, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting and writing about the Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, Christian Democratic Party, PDC, was elected president on May 12, 1984. This victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid, both overt and covert, provided by the United States to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington's interests.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; United States foreign policy; Foreign aid; Military aid; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold war; Human rights violations; Death squads; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Mario Vargas Llosa; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0298_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96426
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Vargas Llosa Interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magaña
Date: 1984-05-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, center, interviews President Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja, right, at the Presidential Palace in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 10, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting on the 1984 Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. Time magazine correspondent David DeVoss, left, listens during the interview.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; United States foreign policy; Foreign aid; Military aid; Government; Politics; Elections; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold war; Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: David DeVoss; Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0294_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96422
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Vargas Llosa Interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magaña
Date: 1984-05-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa interviews President Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja at the Presidential Palace in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 10, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting on the 1984 Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, Christian Democratic Party, PDC, was elected president on May 12, 1984. This victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid, both overt and covert, provided by the United States to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington's interests.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; United States foreign policy; Foreign aid; Military aid; Government; Politics; Elections; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold war; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Mario Vargas Llosa
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0296_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96424
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Vargas Llosa Interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magana
Date: 1984-05-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, left, interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magaña, right, at the Presidential Palace in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 10, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting on the 1984 Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. Magaña's provisional government, installed in 1982, transferred presidential power from the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, JRG, to a civilian for the first time since the Junta took power in a military coup in 1979. However, Magaña remained heavily influenced by members of the military high command in key policy decisions, which rendered accountability for state crimes and agrarian reform stagnant issues during his presidency.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Government; Politics; Elections; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War; Land reform; Human rights violations; Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0010_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96138
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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