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Title: 12 Campesinos Killed And Thrown Down A Well By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran man speaks about the finding of twelve local campesinos who were killed and thrown down a 180-foot well, bottom center, in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0304_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96432
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 12 Campesinos Killed And Thrown Down A Well By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran National Guardsman, right, speaks to the media, including radio reporter Edith Caron, left, about the killing of twelve local campesinos in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder, in which they reportedly threw the twelve men down a 180-foot well, were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Edith Caron
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0305_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96433
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 12 Campesinos Killed And Thrown Down A Well By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A handcuffed Salvadoran man implicated in the killing of twelve local campesinos speaks to the media, including radio reporter Edith Caron, right, in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder, in which they reportedly threw the twelve men down a 180-foot well, were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Edith Caron
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0303_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96431
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 12 Campesinos Were Thrown Down A Well and Killed By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A crowd of local townspeople listen to a handcuffed Salvadoran man implicated in the killing of twelve local campesinos as he speaks to the media in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder, in which they reportedly threw the twelve men down a 180-foot well, were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0306_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96434
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Agricultural Advisors In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three agricultural advisers stand in a sugar cane field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions and land reform advocates as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Oligarchy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0271_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96399
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Alfredo Cristiani is sworn in as President of El Salvador, former President José Napoleón Duarte stands in the background, San Salvador, El Salvador
Date: 1989-06-01
Creator: Gentile, Bill
Description: 6/1/89 AM195; Salvador; El Salvador 6/89; C. Bill Gentile Sipa Press Inc/Original; Cristiani Being Sworn In as President
Subject: El Salvador -- History -- 1979-1992; El Salvador -- Politics and government -- 1979-1992; Presidents -- El Salvador -- Inauguration
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Cristiani, Alfredo F. (Alfredo Félix); Duarte, José Napoleón
Local Identifier: SC_Gentile_0657
Type: color slides
Collection: Bill Gentile Photojournalism Collection
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:67745
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Alfredo Cristiani is sworn in as President, San Salvador, El Salvador
Date: 1989-06-01
Creator: Gentile, Bill
Description: 6/1/89 AM195; Salvador; El Salvador 6/89; C. Bill Gentile Sipa Press Inc/Original; Cristiani Being Sworn In as President
Subject: El Salvador -- History -- 1979-1992; El Salvador -- Politics and government -- 1979-1992; Presidents -- El Salvador -- Inauguration
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Cristiani, Alfredo F. (Alfredo Félix); Duarte, José Napoleón
Local Identifier: SC_Gentile_0662
Type: color slides
Collection: Bill Gentile Photojournalism Collection
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:67750
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Alfredo Cristiani is sworn in as President, the former President José Napoleón Duarte is in the background, San Salvador, El Salvador
Date: 1989-06-01
Creator: Gentile, Bill
Description: 6/1/89 AM195; Salvador; El Salvador 6/89; C. Bill Gentile Sipa Press Inc/Original; Cristiani Being Sworn In as President
Subject: El Salvador -- History -- 1979-1992; El Salvador -- Politics and government -- 1979-1992; Presidents -- El Salvador -- Inauguration
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Cristiani, Alfredo F. (Alfredo Félix); Duarte, José Napoleón
Local Identifier: SC_Gentile_0666
Type: color slides
Collection: Bill Gentile Photojournalism Collection
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:67754
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Alfredo Cristiani, Nationalist Republican Alliance party (ARENA) presidential candidate, speaks to a crowd of his supporters, El Salvador
Date: 1989-01-28
Creator: Gentile, Bill
Description: 1/28/89 AG261; Freddy Cristiani; Sal.; Bill Gentile-Sipa
Subject: El Salvador -- History -- 1979-1992; El Salvador -- Politics and government -- 1979-1992; Elections -- El Salvador; Political campaigns -- El Salvador
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Cristiani, Alfredo F. (Alfredo Félix)
Local Identifier: SC_Gentile_0707
Type: color slides
Collection: Bill Gentile Photojournalism Collection
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:67795
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Alfredo Cristiani, presidential candidate for the Nationalist Republican Alliance party (ARENA), speaking at a campaign event, El Salvador
Date: 1989-02-26
Creator: Gentile, Bill
Description: 2/26/89 AH706; Freddy Cristiani; Salvador; Bill Gentile-Sipa
Subject: El Salvador -- History -- 1979-1992; El Salvador -- Politics and government -- 1979-1992; Elections -- El Salvador; Political campaigns -- El Salvador
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Cristiani, Alfredo F. (Alfredo Félix)
Local Identifier: SC_Gentile_0680
Type: color slides
Collection: Bill Gentile Photojournalism Collection
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:67768
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Alfredo Cristiani, presidential candidate for the Nationalist Republican Alliance party, speaking at a campaign event, El Salvador
Date: 1989-02-26
Creator: Gentile, Bill
Description: 2/26/89 AH706; Freddy Cristiani; Salvador; Bill Gentile-Sipa
Subject: El Salvador -- History -- 1979-1992; El Salvador -- Politics and government -- 1979-1992; Elections -- El Salvador; Political campaigns -- El Salvador
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Cristiani, Alfredo F. (Alfredo Félix)
Local Identifier: SC_Gentile_0681
Type: color slides
Collection: Bill Gentile Photojournalism Collection
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:67769
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Alfredo Cristiani, presidential candidate for the Nationalist Republican Alliance party, speaking at a political event, El Salvador
Date: 1988-12-15
Creator: Gentile, Bill
Description: 12/15/1988 AE385; El Salvador; Freddy Cristiani; Bill Gentile-Sipa
Subject: El Salvador -- History -- 1979-1992; El Salvador -- Politics and government -- 1979-1992; Elections -- El Salvador; Political campaigns -- El Salvador
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Cristiani, Alfredo F. (Alfredo Félix)
Local Identifier: SC_Gentile_0682
Type: color slides
Collection: Bill Gentile Photojournalism Collection
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:67770
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ambassador Stone At Ilopango Airport
Date: 1983-08-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: International media crowd United States Ambassador at Large to Central America Richard Stone as he prepares to depart at Ilopango Airport, San Salvador, El Salvador, August 1, 1983. Stone was facilitating preliminary peace talks between guerrilla leaders from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, FMLN, and the Salvadoran government. Negotiations between the groups were ongoing throughout the twelve-year civil war. United States involvement in the Salvadoran armed conflict can be traced to a strategic hegemonic dominance favored by U.S. policy in Latin America, as well as Cold War-era concerns over the spread of communism after the revolutions in Cuba and Nicaragua.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War; Communism; Politics
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Richard Stone
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0262_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96455
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Assasination
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman holds a picture of Archbishop Óscar Romero on the fourth anniversary of his assassination, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson. The martyred Romero was officially canonized as a saint by Pope Francis in 2018.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Liberation theology; Human rights violations; Death squads; Óscar Romero
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0182_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96649
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas Visits Central El Salvador
Date: 1984-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas (1923-1994) accompanied by his clerical assistants and political leaders visit a town in central El Salvador, May 1, 1984. Rivera y Damas was named Archbishop in February of 1983 after the post was left unfilled following the March 1980 assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Rivera y Damas was similarly outspoken in denouncing injustice and crimes committed by the state and he led the Church as a monitor in the country’s 1992 UN-backed peace process.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Daily life; Arturo Rivera y Damas
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Arturo Rivera y Damas
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0253_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96720
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Armed UH-1 Helicopter Lands in Central El Salvador
Date: 1984-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An armed UH-1 helicopter lands in an unidentified village in central El Salvador, September 1, 1984. As early as 1950, the United States provided extensive support in the establishment of a counterintelligence apparatus for the Salvadoran military and police forces, in addition to direct military funding and assistance. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0209_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96676
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Army And Civil Defense Militia Fight Guerrillas In El Salvador
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran soldier, left, and a member of a local civil defense militia, right, take cover in a neighborhood cemetery during a battle with guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, FMLN, in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1982. Civil defense units in El Salvador operated under military command and were complicit along with the Salvadoran National Guard in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0233_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96700
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Army Helicopter Resupply In San Miguel Department
Date: 1983-08-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army helicopter lands with a supply of food during a military operation in San Miguel department, El Salvador, August 23, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0143_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96610
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Army Helicopter Resupply In San Miguel Department
Date: 1983-08-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army helicopter lands with a supply of food during a military operation in San Miguel department, El Salvador, August 23, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0126_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96593
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Associated Press Photojournalist Luis Alberto Romero
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Associated Press photojournalist Luis Alberto Romero gestures outside a news event in San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Luis Alberto Romero
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0212_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96340
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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