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Title: 12 Campesinos Killed And Thrown Down A Well By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran man speaks about the finding of twelve local campesinos who were killed and thrown down a 180-foot well, bottom center, in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0304_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96432
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 12 Campesinos Killed And Thrown Down A Well By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran National Guardsman, right, speaks to the media, including radio reporter Edith Caron, left, about the killing of twelve local campesinos in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder, in which they reportedly threw the twelve men down a 180-foot well, were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Edith Caron
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0305_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96433
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 12 Campesinos Killed And Thrown Down A Well By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A handcuffed Salvadoran man implicated in the killing of twelve local campesinos speaks to the media, including radio reporter Edith Caron, right, in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder, in which they reportedly threw the twelve men down a 180-foot well, were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Edith Caron
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0303_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96431
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 12 Campesinos Were Thrown Down A Well and Killed By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A crowd of local townspeople listen to a handcuffed Salvadoran man implicated in the killing of twelve local campesinos as he speaks to the media in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder, in which they reportedly threw the twelve men down a 180-foot well, were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0306_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96434
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Mario Sandoval Alarcón In Guatemala City
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Presidential candidate Mario Sandoval Alarcón, the leader of the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, National Liberation Movement, MLN, speaks to media during an interview in Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 1, 1982. Sandoval was one of the CIA's leading protégés in the 1954 coup to overthrow democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz. Known as the "godfather" of the Central American death squads, he trained the notorious Salvadoran Roberto D'Aubuisson along with other paramilitary and death squad leaders. Sandoval was a leader and organizer of the Guatemalan chapter of the World Anti-Communist Leage (WACL), which served as an international lobby for covert and paramilitary operations including funding for the contras in Nicaragua and Operation Condor in the Southern Cone.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Human rights violations; Politics; Government; Elections; Cold War; Coup d'état; Military; Death squads; Counterinsurgency; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (MLN); Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Sandoval Alarcón
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0063_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96788
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Member Of ORDEN Captured By FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department, El Salvador
Date: 1981-02-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A captured member, second right, of the paramilitary militia Organización Democrática Nacionalista, Democratic Nationalist Organization, ORDEN, stands with his family behind a table of weapons following the takeover of their village by leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in San Antonio de la Cruz, El Salvador, February 20, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military; Death squads; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Desaparecidos; Military aid; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); José Alberto Medrano
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0009_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96137
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Members Of ORDEN Captured By FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department, El Salvador
Date: 1981-02-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: One of five captured members of the paramilitary militia Organización Democrática Nacionalista, Democratic Nationalist Organization, ORDEN, stands behind a table of weapons following the takeover of their village by leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in San Antonio de la Cruz, El Salvador, February 20, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military; Death squads; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Desaparecidos; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); José Alberto Medrano
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0006_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96473
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Officers Attend A Military Ceremony In Santa Tecla
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran military commanders and the head of the Treasury Police Colonel Nicolás Carranza, 3rd left, sit during a military ceremony at the Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. Carranza worked with Roberto D'Aubuisson and José Guillermo García to establish the paramilitary network of death squads around the country in the late 1970s. As Vice Minister of Defense from 1979 to 1981 and head of the notorious Treasury Police in 1983, he exercised command over the forces responsible for widespread attacks on civilians. A paid CIA informant who received $90,000 annually to procure intelligence on the Salvadoran left, he resided in the United States from 1985 until his death in 2017. In 2015, Carranza was found guilty in United States Federal District Court for crimes against humanity, extrajudicial assassination, and torture.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Human rights violations; Death squads; Trials; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Roberto D'Aubuisson; José Guillermo García; Nicolás Carranza
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Nicolás Carranza
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0007_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96135
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Treasury Police Head Nicolás Carranza
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran Treasury Police Colonel Nicolás Carranza sits during a military ceremony at the Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. Carranza worked with Roberto D’Aubuisson and José Guillermo García to establish the paramilitary network of death squads around the country in the late 1970s. As Vice Minister of Defense from 1979 to 1981 and head of the notorious Treasury Police in 1983, he exercised command over the forces responsible for widespread attacks on civilians. A paid CIA informant who received $90,000 annually to procure intelligence on the Salvadoran left, he resided in the United States from 1985 until his death in 2017. In 2015, Carranza was found guilty in United States Federal District Court for crimes against humanity, extrajudicial assassination, and torture.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Human rights violations; Death squads; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Roberto D’Aubuisson; José Guillermo García; Nicolás Carranza
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Nicolás Carranza
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0114_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96581
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Security Guard For Roberto D'Aubuisson In Volatile Suchitoto
Date: 1982-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A private security guard for Roberto D'Aubuisson, center, speaks with Salvadoran army soldiers about potential leftist guerrilla attacks in Suchitoto, El Salvador, March 1, 1982. D'Aubuisson founded the right-wing political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, in 1980. He was known to have close ties to the death squads and had a reputation for extreme violence.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Death squads; Human rights violations; Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA); Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0181_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96309
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Vargas Llosa Goes On Campaign With Roberto D'Aubuisson
Date: 1984-05-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, right, listens to Salvadoran presidential candidate Roberto D'Aubuisson, left, from the right-wing party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, on the campaign trail in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 9, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting and writing about the Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, Christian Democratic Party, PDC, was elected president on May 12, 1984. This victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid, both overt and covert, provided by the United States to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington's interests.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; United States foreign policy; Foreign aid; Military aid; Government; Politics; Elections; Political campaigns; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold war; Human rights violations; Death squads; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Mario Vargas Llosa; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa; Roberto D'Aubuisson
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0298_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96426
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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