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Title: Time Magazine Photographer Robert Nickelsberg
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Hoagland, John
Description: Time magazine photographer Robert Nickelsberg stands for a photograph in San Vicente, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. Nickelsberg was reporting on recent programs by the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, in San Vicente. (Photo by John Hoagland)
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Psychological warfare; Foreign aid; Humanitarian aid; Cold War; United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Robert Nickelsberg
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0257_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96385
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Medical Care In Perquín, Morazán
Date: 1983-10-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Women and children line up for medical care at a military clinic in Perquín, Morazán department, El Salvador, October 23, 1983. Perquín was one of several towns in the Morazán department that were controlled by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, during the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerilla warfare; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0292_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96420
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 57 Army Soliders Killed In Tejutepeque, El Salvador
Date: 1984-03-26
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army soldier stands over a dead guerrilla from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberacion, FPL, killed in a battle in Tejutepeque, El Salvador, March 26, 1984. The Salvadoran army lost 57 soldiers in the battle while FPL guerrillas lost 16 when they attacked two army positions 20 miles from San Salvador, the nation's capital. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0299_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96427
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Soldier Of Fortune Magazine Owner Visits Morazán During Civil War
Date: 1984-02-21
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer, right, speaks with Robert K. Brown, third left, a former U.S. soldier, editor and publisher of the anti-communist Soldier of Fortune mercenary magazine in San Francisco Gotera, El Salvador, February 21, 1984. Brown and his magazine arrived in El Salvador to donate weapons training and $750,000 of medical and surgical equipment to Salvadoran army doctors.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Arms trade; Military; Military training; Military aid; Counterinsurgency; Cold War; Robert K. Brown
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Robert K. Brown
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0291_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96419
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Prisoner Held By Atlacatl Battalion In San Miguel Department
Date: 1983-12-16
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A guerrilla from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, left, is guarded by a soldier from the Salvadoran army in Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel department, El Salvador, December 16, 1983. The ERP prisoner was captured during a military operation by the Atlacatl Battalion in the coffee producing hills of the San Miguel department and claimed he was forced into joining the leftist guerrilla group.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military; Counterinsurgency; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP); Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0283_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96411
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: "Soldier Of Fortune" Magazine Owner Visits Morazán Department During Civil War
Date: 1984-02-21
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local women wait in line to see medical personnel from El Salvador and the United States during a free medical clinic hosted by Soldier of Fortune magazine in San Francisco Gotera, El Salvador, February 21, 1984. Lieutenant Colonel Robert K. Brown, a Green Beret who served with Special Forces in Vietnam, started the mercenary publication in 1975. Brown and his magazine donated weapons training and $750,000 in medical and surgical equipment to Salvadoran army doctors.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Foreign aid; Humanitarian aid; Psychological warfare; Daily life; Cold War; Robert K. Brown
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0109_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96237
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Bodies Of Civil Defensemen Killed By FMLN Arrive In Guadalupe, El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents mourn as a truck carrying caskets of dead relatives arrives in Guadalupe, San Vicente department, El Salvador, May 9, 1983. The dead were members of a local civil defense force killed by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0103_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96231
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Death Of Salvadoran Army Soldiers In Morazán
Date: 1983-10-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran woman stands outside a military hospital hoping to see her husband, Juan Pablo Rivas, who was reportedly killed along with 13 other army soldiers in a helicopter explosion over the Morazán department, El Salvador, October 24, 1983. Among those killed were Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa and other field commanders of high rank. FMLN guerrillas led by Joaquín Villalobos, who had previously denounced Monterrosa and his command authority over the Atlacatl Battalion for carrying out the December 1981 civilian massacre in El Mozote, claimed responsibility for the helicopter crash.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Military aid; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Atlacatl Battalion; Domingo Monterrosa; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Joaquín Villalobos
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0113_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96241
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Atlacatl Battalion In Pursuit Of FMLN Guerrillas In San Miguel
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran soldiers of the Atlacatl Battalion stop during a military operation in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Rapid reaction battalions were trained in counterinsurgency tactics to combat guerrilla warfare and were designed and funded by the United States military. The Atlacatl Battalion was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0105_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96233
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FPL Guerrillas Find Body
Date: 1983-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three armed guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, stand beside a dead member of the government security forces along a highway near Suchitoto, El Salvador, February 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Counterinsurgency; Military; Cold War; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0108_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96236
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Military Advisor Accompanies Salvadoran Army
Date: 1984-09-30
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A United States military advisor, left, accompanies Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez as he speaks at a public gathering in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, September 30, 1984. The U.S. advisor carries an Israeli Galil rifle on his back. Advisors were prohibited from engaging in combat missions with Salvadoran troops and from carrying weapons besides a sidearm. However, regulations on the capacities and number of advisors stationed were largely ignored or circumvented by the Reagan administration.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Cold War; Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0121_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96249
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Abandoned Cinquera Town In Cabañas Department
Date: 1984-09-08
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A deserted building lies in disrepair in Cinquera, Cabañas department, El Salvador, September 8, 1984. At the time the town was continuously changing hands between Salvadoran government soldiers and guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in a bitter war of attrition that marked the twelve-year conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0119_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96247
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez Speaks In Sesuntepeque, Cabañas
Date: 1984-09-30
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, former commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2 and current head of the Fourth Brigade, speaks at a public gathering in Sensuntepeque, El Salvador, September 30, 1984. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa's command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0120_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96248
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Newsweek Photojournalist John Hoagland
Date: 1983-06-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Newsweek photographer John Hoagland (1947-1984) stands next to a United States-supplied UH-2 helicopter during a Salvadoran civil defense training course in San Vicente department, El Salvador, June 20, 1983. Hoagland was killed in a crossfire between guerrillas and the Salvadoran Armed Forces near Suchitoto, El Salvador on March 16, 1984. The twelve-year war ultimately claimed the lives of 24 journalists.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Civilian casualties; Military; Military aid; Counterinsurgency; John Hoagland
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: John Hoagland
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0115_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96243
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Time Magazine Correspondent Timothy Loughran
Date: 1983-06-26
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Time magazine correspondent Timothy Loughran, right, interviews Salvadoran army soldiers during a mortar training exercise in San Vicente department, El Salvador, June 26, 1983. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Military; Military aid; Counterinsurgency; Cold War; Timothy Loughran
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Timothy Loughran
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0116_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96244
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: The Salvadoran Army In Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel Department
Date: 1983-12-16
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Light comes through the wall of an abandoned house in Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel department, El Salvador, December 16, 1983. The Salvadoran military made fitful attempts to dislodge the guerrilla group Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, that controlled the region in the northeast of the country. ERP merged with four other leftist organizations in 1980 to form the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The group drew its name from Salvadoran communist leader and revolutionary Agustín Farabundo Martí, who led a peasant revolt in 1932 that had lasting consequences for the indigenous and campesino communities.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Guerrilla warfare; Insurgency; Military; Counterinsurgency; Communism; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0129_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96257
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Dutch Human Rights Investigative Team Leaving Camino Real Hotel In San Salvador
Date: 1982-03-22
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of human rights investigators from Holland leave the El Camino Real Hotel in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 22, 1982. The group came to investigate the death of four Dutch journalists shot and killed by Salvadoran security forces while they were pursuing an interview with leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in the Chalatenango department. The Salvadoran government and the United States embassy in El Salvador denied knowledge of the ambush, claiming that the journalists were caught in an ongoing firefight between guerrilla soldiers and the military. This fact was later refuted with witness testimony in the 1993 publication of the United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Military; Counterinsurgency; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0164_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96292
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Atlacatl Battalion Commander Lt. Col. Domingo Monterrosa In Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa speaks with journalists at the military headquarters of the Atlacatl Battalion in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. Monterrosa trained at the School of the Americas and headed the controversial Atlacatl Battalion, one of the rapid reaction counterinsurgency battalions coordinated and funded by the United States. The Atlacatl Battalion, under Monterrosa's command, was responsible for the infamous El Mozote massacre of December 1981, which remains the largest single massacre in recent Latin American history. Monterrosa was killed by FMLN guerrillas in a helicopter explosion along with 13 other army officers on October 23, 1984.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Atlacatl Battalion; School of the Americas; Domingo Monterrosa
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Domingo Monterrosa
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0157_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96285
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Operation Against FMLN In Central El Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Time magazine reporter Tim Loughran, right, speaks with a Salvadoran army officer during a military operation against guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in central El Salvador, October 1, 1982. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Tim Loughran
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0155_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96283
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Monterrosa With The Atlacatl Battalion In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The commanding officer of the Atlacatl Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa, left, questions a local resident, center, as soldiers advance during a military operation in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict. The UN Truth Commission for El Salvador named the Atlacatl Battalion under Monterrosa's command responsible for the massacre of nearly 1,000 civilians in El Mozote in 1981, considered the worst massacre in modern Latin American history.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; School of the Americas; Atlacatl Battalion; Domingo Monterrosa
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Domingo Monterrosa
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0002_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96130
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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