Search results

Title: Members Of ORDEN Captured By FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department, El Salvador
Date: 1981-02-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: One of five captured members of the paramilitary militia Organización Democrática Nacionalista, Democratic Nationalist Organization, ORDEN, stands behind a table of weapons following the takeover of their village by leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in San Antonio de la Cruz, El Salvador, February 20, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Military; Death squads; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Desaparecidos; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL); José Alberto Medrano
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0006_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96473
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FPL Guerrillas In Chalatenango Department
Date: 1981-02-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Close-up of an unidentified guerrilla from the leftist organization Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, as he stands in formation with others at a camp near Santa Anita in Chalatenango department, El Salvador, February 23, 1981. The FPL formed on April 1, 1970 and experienced broad support, particularly among the rural sectors of the population, as a consequence of increased state repression and exclusion from political participation.
Subject: El Salvador; Civil War; Military; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Foreign Aid; Military Aid; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0014_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96481
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians look over the dead bodies of three civil defensemen killed during an overnight attack by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0020_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96487
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: US-Trained Rapid Reaction Infantry Belloso Battalion Is Formed
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer from the newly-trained rapid reaction Belloso Battalion listens to commanding officers during a ceremony following their return from Fort Bragg, North Carolina, USA, at the Ilopango military air base, San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. Rapid reaction battalions were trained in counterinsurgency tactics to combat guerrilla warfare and were designed and funded by the United States military. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Military ceremonies; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0024_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96491
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: US-Trained Belloso Rapid Reaction Infantry Battalion Is Formed
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran army soldiers from the newly-trained rapid reaction Belloso Battalion listen to commanding officers during a ceremony following their return from Fort Bragg, North Carolina, USA, at the Ilopango military air base, San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. Rapid reaction battalions were trained in counterinsurgency tactics to combat guerrilla warfare and were designed and funded by the United States military. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Military ceremonies; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0025_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96492
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer trained by United States Army instructors, center, instructs new recruits at an army base, San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. As early as 1950, the United States provided extensive support in the establishment of a counterintelligence apparatus for the Salvadoran military and police forces, in addition to direct military funding and assistance. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0026_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96493
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer instructs new recruits at an army base in San Miguel, El Salvador July 1, 1982. Lack of opportunity for social and economic ascension led many young Salvadorans towards military inscription.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0027_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96494
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army officer trained at the School of the Americas, SOA, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, center, instructs new recruits at an army base, San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Many of the human rights violations that have occurred in El Salvador have stemmed from military personnel that came from the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, WHINSEC, formerly known as the School of the Americas. The military personnel who killed Archbishop Óscar Romero, the six Jesuit priests and their housekeeper and her daughter, Father Rutilio Grande, and the four U.S. Catholic nuns in El Salvador, amongst others, were all trained at the School of the Americas.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0033_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96500
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: New recruits perform physical exercises directed by Salvadoran army officers trained at the School of the Americas, SOA, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, at a Salvadoran army base in San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. SOA was founded in 1946 by the United States Department of Defense as a training school for Latin American military and police forces. At the advent of the Cold War, the school was assigned an aggressive anti-communist counterinsurgency agenda and many graduates returned to their countries to lead and participate in repressive regimes plagued with human rights abuses.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0035_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96502
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Training In San Miguel
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: New recruits perform physical exercises directed by Salvadoran army officers trained at the School of the Americas, SOA, in Fort Benning, Georgia, USA, at a Salvadoran army base in San Miguel, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. SOA was founded in 1946 by the United States Department of Defense as a training school for Latin American military and police forces. At the advent of the Cold War, the school was assigned an aggressive anti-communist counterinsurgency agenda and many graduates returned to their countries to lead and participate in repressive regimes plagued with human rights abuses.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military training; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; School of the Americas
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0036_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96503
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Atlacatl Rapid Reaction Battalion In Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Detail of the hand of a Salvadoran army officer with his military academy ring at the First Battalion headquarters of the Atlacatl Battalion in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first Salvadoran rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0037_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96504
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Atlacatl Rapid Reaction Battalion In Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A United States Army instructor, center right, inspects U.S.-made M-16 rifles during a training exercise at the First Battalion headquarters of the Atlacatl Battalion in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. As early as 1950, the United States provided extensive support in the establishment of a counterintelligence apparatus for the Salvadoran military and police forces, in addition to direct military funding and assistance. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Military training; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0038_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96505
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: U.S. Supplied UH-1 Helicopter Over Central El Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: View over the shoulder of a Salvadoran door gunner on a U.S.-supplied UH-1 army helicopter on patrol over central El Salvador, October 1, 1982. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military aid; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0039_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96506
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army In Chalatenango Province
Date: 1981-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army soldier kneels behind a pair of blankets hung over a barbed wire fence in Chalatenango department, El Salvador, October 1, 1981. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0042_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96509
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Col. Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez In Department Of Cabañas
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez, commander of the counterinsurgency unit Destacamiento Militar 2, stands in a hallway at the military headquarters in Sensuntepeque, Cabañas department, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. In 2015, the release of CIA documents related to the armed conflict proved Ochoa’s command responsibility in the November 1981 massacre of the civilian population of Santa Cruz in the department of Cabañas. In December of 2019 he was placed under investigation in Salvadoran court for corruption charges related to his role as ambassador to Honduras from 2005-2009.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; United States foreign policy; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0043_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96510
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army Helicopter Gunner
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran army door gunner watches the terrain below while flying in a United States-made Bell UH-1 helicopter gunship over the Rio Lempa region in northern El Salvador, January 1, 1983. As early as 1950, the United States provided extensive support in the establishment of a counterintelligence apparatus for the Salvadoran military and police forces, in addition to direct military funding and assistance. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military aid; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0044_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96511
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: US-Supplied Salvadoran Army UH-1 Helicopter Over Central El Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: View over the shoulder of a Salvadoran door gunner on a U.S.-supplied UH-1 army helicopter on patrol over central El Salvador, October 1, 1982. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military aid; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0047_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96514
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Training El Salvador's Army In San Miguel, El Salvador
Date: 1983-08-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran Army soldiers hold their certificates of training after completing a course taught by a US-trained Salvadoran Army officer in San Miguel, El Salvador on August 20, 1983.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0048_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army On Suchitoto Road
Date: 1983-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran army soldiers patrol a main road near territory controlled by the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, FMLN, on the outskirts of Suchitoto, El Salvador, February 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0062_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96529
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Salvadoran Army On Suchitoto Road
Date: 1983-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran army soldiers watch artillery land one mile away as they patrol near territory controlled by the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, FMLN, on the outskirts of Suchitoto, El Salvador, February 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0063_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96530
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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