Search results

Title: 12 Campesinos Killed And Thrown Down A Well By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran man speaks about the finding of twelve local campesinos who were killed and thrown down a 180-foot well, bottom center, in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0304_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96432
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 12 Campesinos Killed And Thrown Down A Well By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran National Guardsman, right, speaks to the media, including radio reporter Edith Caron, left, about the killing of twelve local campesinos in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder, in which they reportedly threw the twelve men down a 180-foot well, were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Edith Caron
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0305_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96433
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 12 Campesinos Killed And Thrown Down A Well By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A handcuffed Salvadoran man implicated in the killing of twelve local campesinos speaks to the media, including radio reporter Edith Caron, right, in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder, in which they reportedly threw the twelve men down a 180-foot well, were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Edith Caron
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0303_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96431
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 12 Campesinos Were Thrown Down A Well and Killed By Local Death Squads
Date: 1984-04-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A crowd of local townspeople listen to a handcuffed Salvadoran man implicated in the killing of twelve local campesinos as he speaks to the media in the village of Los Mangos, Sonsonate department, El Salvador, April 7, 1984. The two men implicated in the murder, in which they reportedly threw the twelve men down a 180-foot well, were members of a civil defense unit associated with local death squads. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the Salvadoran state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. The civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0306_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96434
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 1982 Coup Planner Captain Rodolfo Muñoz
Date: 1982-03-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A view of Captain Carlos Rodolfo Muñoz Piloña, center, as he walks down a hallway in the Guatemalan National Palace on March 23, 1982, after the military coup d'etat that installed General Ríos Montt into power. Captain Muñoz was the mastermind behind the military coup.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Rodolfo Muñoz Piloña
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0117_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Beheaded Body Dumped By Death Squad Outside San Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A headless body lies at the bottom of a small hill in the Mejicanos neighborhood in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0077_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96205
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Bodies Of Civil Defensemen Killed By FMLN Arrive In Guadalupe, El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-09
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents mourn as a truck carrying caskets of dead relatives arrives in Guadalupe, San Vicente department, El Salvador, May 9, 1983. The dead were members of a local civil defense force killed by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0103_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96231
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: View of a cache of weapons and propaganda materials recently seized by the military from a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. The EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. The EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0029_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96878
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: View of a cache of weapons and propaganda materials recently seized by the military from a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house with General Benedicto Lucas García, far right, at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. The EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. The EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0030_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96879
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, center, shows a group of international journalists a cache of weapons recently found by the military in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Col. Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison. He received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, Lima Estrada served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns in the 1980s. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); School of the Americas (SOA); Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0036_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96885
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of international journalists are shown a cache of weapons recently found by the military in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house with General Benedicto Lucas García, far right, at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, the Santa Cruz del Quiché garrison commander, center, observes the guerrilla equipment. In 1981 the military regime and the Guatemalan army initiated a brutal counterinsurgency program of scorched earth tactics to consolidate control over civilians and counteract the influence of the guerrilla insurgency. The genocidal policies enacted by President Fernando Romeo Lucas García and later by Efraín Ríos Montt were also intended to eradicate the culture and identity of the indigenous population. For his role as army general in the internal armed conflict, General Benedicto Lucas García was sentenced on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity, aggravated sexual violence, and enforced disappearance. Col. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0037_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96886
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Guatemalan army soldier looks over a cache of weapons recently found by the military in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. The EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. The EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0041_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96890
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Dies In Cross Fire Between FMLN Guerrillas And Government Security Forces
Date: 1984-10-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The body of a dead Salvadoran civilian is taken away in a vehicle after a previous day's firefight between members of the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, and Salvadoran security troops in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 24, 1984. The man was leaving work for his home in a government housing project. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Civilian casualties; Counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0032_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96160
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Funeral In Central El Salvador
Date: 1983-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: UPITN cameraman Godofredo Guedes, right, and sound man Luis Mejia, standing second left, film the casket of a Salvadoran civilian killed in crossfire between the Salvadoran Armed Forces and guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in central El Salvador, July 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Military; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Journalism; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Godofredo Guedes; Luis Mejia
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0264_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96457
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Funeral In San Salvador
Date: 1983-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Family members follow a hearse carrying the body of a civilian found murdered on the side of a road on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0232_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96699
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0267_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96395
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0273_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96466
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Death Squad Victims At La Libertad Morgue
Date: 1984-08-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Unidentified men look at two corpses in the city morgue in La Libertad, El Salvador, August 10, 1984. Both victims were shot in the face and showed additional signs of bruising. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0044_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96172
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Death Squad Victims At La Libertad Morgue
Date: 1984-08-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Unidentified men look at two corpses in the city morgue in La Libertad, El Salvador, August 10, 1984. Both victims were shot in the face and showed additional signs of bruising. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0045_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96173
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Death Squad Victims At La Libertad Morgue
Date: 1984-08-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Unidentified men look at one of two corpses in the city morgue, La Libertad, El Salvador, August 10, 1984. Both victims were shot in the face and showed additional signs of bruising. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Death squads
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0191_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96658
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Death Squad Victims At La Libertad Morgue
Date: 1984-08-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Unidentified men look at one of two corpses in the city morgue, La Libertad, El Salvador, August 10, 1984. Both victims were shot in the face and showed additional signs of bruising. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Death squads
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0189_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96656
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Death Squad Victims At La Libertad Morgue
Date: 1984-08-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Unidentified men look at one of two corpses in the city morgue, La Libertad, El Salvador, August 10, 1984. Both victims were shot in the face and showed additional signs of bruising. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Death squads
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0190_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96657
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Death Squad Victims Covered Bodies
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of residents look underneath a sheet covering two bodies killed and dumped by a right-wing death squad on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, February 1, 1982. Death squads in El Salvador emerged from the paramilitary groups Organización Democrática Nacionalista, National Democratic Organization, ORDEN, and Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, founded in the early 1960s with funding and administrative assistance from the C.I.A. and U.S. agents during the Kennedy administration. In the civil war the death squads were organized primarily by the right-wing landowning oligarchy and members of the political and military elite, including founder of the political party Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, National Republican Alliance, ARENA, Roberto D’Aubuisson.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Death squads; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Human rights violations; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0017_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96484
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Disappeared Family Members File Their Joint Statement
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran women wait to listen about their cases of disappeared husbands and family members in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1983. It is estimated that between 8,000 and 10,000 people were forcibly disappeared from the years 1980 to 1992 in El Salvador. While the amnesty law passed after the signing of the peace accords guaranteed impunity for all individuals accused of grave crimes against humanity, including cases of disappeared people, efforts to locate and identify the missing continue as a significant element in the post-conflict process of national reconciliation.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Human rights violations; Desaparecidos; Civilian casualties
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0227_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96355
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Downtown San Salvador Market
Date: 1983-05-05
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Bouquets of flowers are arranged for sale at a funeral parlor in a downtown market in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 5, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Economy; Civilian casualties
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0250_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96717
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Dutch Human Rights Investigative Team Leaving Camino Real Hotel In San Salvador
Date: 1982-03-22
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of human rights investigators from Holland leave the El Camino Real Hotel in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 22, 1982. The group came to investigate the death of four Dutch journalists shot and killed by Salvadoran security forces while they were pursuing an interview with leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in the Chalatenango department. The Salvadoran government and the United States embassy in El Salvador denied knowledge of the ambush, claiming that the journalists were caught in an ongoing firefight between guerrilla soldiers and the military. This fact was later refuted with witness testimony in the 1993 publication of the United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Military; Counterinsurgency; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0164_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96292
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ERP Guerrillas In El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A guerrilla from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, prepares a recoilless rifle weapon during a firefight with government security forces in Santa Rosa de Lima, eastern El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The ERP were considered the most militarily powerful of the guerrilla factions that constituted the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0098_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96565
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Executed Body By A Road
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Residents look at the body of an executed man left in a neighborhood on the outskirts of the capital, San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0078_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96545
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Executed Body In A Ditch
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman looks at the body of an executed man left in a ditch in the city outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, February 1, 1982. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0234_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96701
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Executed Body On The Road
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Residents look at the body of an executed man left in a neighborhood on the outskirts of the capital, San Salvador, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0103_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96570
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Exhumed Body Of A Disappeared Victim In San Salvador
Date: 1984-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of a local human rights commission look at the body of an exhumed civilian in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1984. The victim was presumably killed by a paramilitary death squad. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Human rights violations; Death squads; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0046_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96174
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Family Picture in Quiché, Guatemala
Date: 1984-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An extended Maya family stands for a photograph in the rural highlands of Quiché, Guatemala, May 1, 1984. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. 83 percent of the victims were indigenous Maya people.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Genocide; Human rights violations; State-sponsored violence; Civilian casualties; Daily life
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0021_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96744
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The sister of a civil defenseman, center, faints upon hearing of the death of her brother during an overnight attack on the civil defense post in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, attacked overnight killing six civil defensemen before Salvadoran army soldiers arrived the next morning to retake the town.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0144_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96272
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians look over the dead bodies of three civil defensemen killed during an overnight attack by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0145_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96273
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians look over the dead bodies of three civil defensemen killed during an overnight attack by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the authoritarian state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. It is reported that the civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0146_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96274
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The sister of a civil defenseman faints upon hearing of the death of her brother during an overnight attack on the civil defense post in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, attacked overnight killing six civil defensemen before Salvadoran army soldiers arrived the next morning to retake the town, 50 kms from San Salvador. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0074_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96202
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: FMLN Attack In Santa Clara Kills 6 Civil Defensemen
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians look over the dead bodies of three civil defensemen killed during an overnight attack by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Santa Clara, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Civil defense units in El Salvador were under military command and operated particularly in rural areas where guerrilla support was high.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0020_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96487
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Four Dutch Journalists Killed in El Salvador During Trip to Interview FMLN Guerrillas
Date: 1982-03-19
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Members of the media gather in a funeral parlor to film the dead body of a Dutch journalist killed in guerrilla territory two days earlier, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 19, 1982. Jacobus (Koos) Koster, Hans Ter Laan, Jan Kuiper and Johannes (Joop) Willemsen were shot and killed by Salvadoran military forces while they were pursuing an interview with leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, in the Chalatenango department. The Salvadoran government and the United States embassy in El Salvador denied knowledge of the ambush, claiming that the journalists were caught in an ongoing firefight between guerrilla soldiers and the military. This fact was later refuted with witness testimony in the 1993 publication of the United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Military; Counterinsurgency; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0136_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96264
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Funeral For Salvadoran Army Lt. Col. Domingo Monterrosa
Date: 1984-10-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran military officers and civilians carry the coffin of Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa following his death in a helicopter explosion in the Morazán department four days before, San Salvador, El Salvador, October 27, 1984. FMLN guerrillas led by Joaquín Villalobos, who had previously denounced Monterrosa and his command authority over the Atlacatl Battalion for carrying out the December 1981 civilian massacre in El Mozote, claimed responsibility for the helicopter crash. Monterrosa trained at the notorious School of the Americas and was hailed by American advisors as the army's best field officer.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Military aid; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; School of the Americas; Atlacatl Battalion; Domingo Monterrosa; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Joaquín Villalobos
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Lt. Col. Domingo Monterrosa; Sigifredo Ochoa Pérez
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0034_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96162
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Funeral For Salvadoran Army Lt. Col. Domingo Monterrosa
Date: 1984-10-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran military officers carry the coffin of Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa in a funeral procession with his wife, back center, and family following his death in a helicopter explosion in the Morazán department four days before, San Salvador, El Salvador, October 27, 1984. FMLN guerrillas led by Joaquín Villalobos, who had previously denounced Monterrosa and his command authority over the Atlacatl Battalion for carrying out the December 1981 civilian massacre in El Mozote, claimed responsibility for the helicopter crash. Monterrosa trained at the notorious School of the Americas and was hailed by American advisors as the army’s best field officer.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Military aid; Insurgency; School of the Americas; Atlacatl Battalion; Domingo Monterrosa; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Joaquín Villalobos
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0219_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96686
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Funeral For Salvadoran Army Lt. Col. Domingo Monterrosa
Date: 1984-10-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The wife of the late Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa prays over his coffin in a funeral procession with Salvadoran military officers and family following Monterrosa’s death in a helicopter explosion in the Morazán department four days before, San Salvador, El Salvador, October 27, 1984. FMLN guerrillas led by Joaquín Villalobos, who had previously denounced Monterrosa and his command authority over the Atlacatl Battalion for carrying out the December 1981 civilian massacre in El Mozote, claimed responsibility for the helicopter crash. Monterrosa trained at the notorious School of the Americas and was hailed by American advisors as the army’s best field officer.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Military aid; Insurgency; School of the Americas; Atlacatl Battalion; Domingo Monterrosa; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Joaquín Villalobos
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0220_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96687
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Funeral For Salvadoran Army Lt. Col. Domingo Monterrosa
Date: 1984-10-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran Minister of Defense General Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova, left, and the wife of Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa, right, at the funeral procession with Monterrosa’s family and military officers following his death in a helicopter explosion in the Morazán department four days before, San Salvador, El Salvador, October 27, 1984. FMLN guerrillas led by Joaquín Villalobos, who had previously denounced Monterrosa and his command authority over the Atlacatl Battalion for carrying out the December 1981 civilian massacre in El Mozote, claimed responsibility for the helicopter crash. Monterrosa trained at the notorious School of the Americas and was hailed by American advisors as the army’s best field officer.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Military aid; Insurgency; School of the Americas; Atlacatl Battalion; Domingo Monterrosa; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Joaquín Villalobos; Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0221_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96688
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Funeral For Salvadoran Army Major Armando Azmitia
Date: 1984-10-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran military officers and civilians carry the coffin of Major Armando Azmitia following his death in a helicopter explosion in the Morazán department four days before, San Salvador, El Salvador, October 27, 1984. Among those killed in the explosion were Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa and other field commanders of high rank. Azmitia was commander of the Atlacatl Battalion, the United States-trained rapid reaction unit directed by Monterrosa until he was elevated to regional command in November of 1983. FMLN guerrillas led by Joaquín Villalobos, who had previously denounced Monterrosa and the Atlacatl Battalion for carrying out the December 1981 civilian massacre in El Mozote, claimed responsibility for the helicopter crash.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military funerals; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Military aid; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; School of the Americas; Atlacatl Battalion; Domingo Monterrosa; Armando Azmitia; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Joaquín Villalobos
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0031_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96159
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García And Colonel Byron Lima Estrada In Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García, center, receives a map reading from his base commander Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, right, at the regional military base in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. In 1981 the military regime and the Guatemalan army initiated a brutal counterinsurgency program of scorched earth tactics to consolidate control over civilians and counteract the influence of the guerrilla insurgency. The genocidal policies enacted by President Fernando Romeo Lucas García and later by Efraín Ríos Montt were also intended to eradicate the culture and identity of the indigenous population. For his role as army general in the internal armed conflict, General Benedicto Lucas García was sentenced on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity, aggravated sexual violence, and enforced disappearance. Col. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0026_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96875
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García And Colonel Byron Lima Estrada Prepare To Board A Military Helicopter In Santa Cruz Del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-21
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García, left, prepares to board a Bell helicopter with Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, right, on the tarmac of the military base in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 21, 1982. During the flight, General Benedicto Lucas García ordered his two door gunners to shoot at local campesinos on the ground below. Lucas García claimed that since the civilians ran from the approaching military helicopter, they must be guilty of being guerrillas. He later denied that he ordered the gunners to fire. In 1981 the military regime and the Guatemalan army initiated a brutal counterinsurgency program of scorched earth tactics to consolidate control over civilians and counteract the influence of the guerrilla insurgency. The genocidal policies enacted by Lucas García and later by Ríos Montt were also intended to eradicate the culture and identity of the indigenous population.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0023_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96872
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García At Regional Military Garrison In Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García speaks on a military radio at the regional army base in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. President Romeo Lucas García appointed his brother Benedicto Lucas García as chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army in August of 1981 in response to the growing threat of insurgency to the military regime. Benedicto Lucas García was trained in irregular warfare and counterinsurgency at the controversial School of the Americas, SOA, and executed the military's scorched earth campaigns against the civilian Maya population. He was sentenced along with four other Guatemalan ex-officials on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity and aggravated sexual assault against Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen and for the forced disappearance of her 14 year-old brother, Marco Antonio Molina Theissen, in 1981. Lucas García is currently on trial in Guatemala in a separate case of genocide, crimes against humanity, and forced disappearance of the Maya Ixil population during the period he was chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army from 1981 to 1982.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; School of the Americas (SOA); Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0027_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96876
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García In Quiché, Guatemala
Date: 1982-01-20
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Chief of Army staff General Benedicto Lucas García, center, speaks with Washington Post reporter Christopher Dickey, right, and Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, left, at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 20, 1982. Colonel Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García; Chris Dickey
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0116_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García Speaks To International Journalists At Regional Military Garrison In Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García speaks to a group of international journalists regarding a cache of weapons recently found by the military in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house, Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. President Romeo Lucas García appointed his brother Benedicto Lucas García as chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army in August of 1981 in response to the growing threat of insurgency to the military regime. Benedicto Lucas García was trained in irregular warfare and counterinsurgency at the controversial School of the Americas, SOA, and executed the military's scorched earth campaigns against the civilian Maya population. He was sentenced along with four other Guatemalan ex-officials on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity and aggravated sexual assault against Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen and for the forced disappearance of her 14 year-old brother, Marco Antonio Molina Theissen, in 1981. Lucas García is currently on trial in Guatemala in a separate case of genocide, crimes against humanity, and forced disappearance of the Maya Ixil population during the period he was chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army from 1981 to 1982.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; School of the Americas (SOA); Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP); Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0028_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96877
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: General Benedicto Lucas García Speaks To International Journalists At Regional Military Garrison In Santa Cruz del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-19
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: General Benedicto Lucas García points out possible locations of guerrilla presence on a map to international journalists at the regional military base in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 19, 1982. Guerrilla organizations listed on the map include the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, and the Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas, Revolutionary Organization of People in Arms, ORPA. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission determined 93 percent of the violence was committed by government forces.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Cold War; School of the Americas (SOA); Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0012_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96861
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Guatemalan Army Chief Of Staff General Benedicto Lucas García In Santa Cruz Del Quiché
Date: 1982-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Army chief of staff General Benedicto Lucas García stands in front of the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, January 1, 1982. President Romeo Lucas García appointed his brother Benedicto Lucas García as chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army in August of 1981 in response to the growing threat of insurgency to the military regime. Benedicto Lucas García was trained in irregular warfare and counterinsurgency at the controversial School of the Americas, SOA, and executed the military's scorched earth campaigns against the civilian Maya population. He was sentenced along with four other Guatemalan ex-officials on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity and aggravated sexual assault against Emma Guadalupe Molina Theissen and for the forced disappearance of her 14 year-old brother, Marco Antonio Molina Theissen, in 1981. Lucas García is currently on trial in Guatemala in a separate case of genocide, crimes against humanity, and forced disappearance of the Maya Ixil population while he was chief of the General Staff of the Guatemalan Army from 1981 to 1982.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; School of the Americas; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Cold War; Benedicto Lucas Garcia
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0039_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96764
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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