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- Title
- Civilian Funeral In San Salvador
- Date
- 1983-07-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Family members follow a hearse carrying the body of a civilian found murdered on the side of a road on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0232_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96699
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilian In Battle-Torn Cinquera, El Salvador
- Date
- 1983-05-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A portrait of a civilian as he sits in front of a building damaged during a battle between guerrillas from the the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, and Salvadoran army soldiers in Cinquera, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. At the time, the country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0223_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96351
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilian In San Miguel During ERP and Salvadoran Army Battle
- Date
- 1983-09-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A civilian resident stands outside his gate, recently painted with the name of a formation of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, La Brigada Arce Zablah, as ERP guerrillas engage in combat with government security forces in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Considered the most militarily powerful of the guerrilla factions that constituted the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, the ERP organized the elite unit Brigada Arce Zablah outside of regular military forces. The brigade takes its name from a former leader within the organization, Rafael Arce Zablah, who was killed in combat in 1975.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0140_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96607
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians and Battle Damage In San Vicente
- Date
- 1983-05-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Unidentified civilians stand outside a home heavily damaged after a battle between the Salvadoran Armed Forces and guerrillas from Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in San Vicente department, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The twelve-year Salvadoran armed conflict was at its roots a class conflict; the country's high economic disparity had existed since Spanish colonial rule and continued after the peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0115_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96582
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Cross A River Near A Destroyed Bridge
- Date
- 1983-06-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Civilians ford a river near a bridge heavily damaged by guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Usulután department, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. Throughout the twelve-year armed conflict, the FMLN attacked infrastructure and commerce in campaigns of economic sabotage, further testing military units and disrupting the daily life of civilians.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Economy; Daily life; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0120_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96587
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion as soldiers advance during a military operation in pursuit of FMLN guerrillas in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0264_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96392
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0267_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96395
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion as soldiers advance in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the FMLN guerrilla coalition. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0049_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96177
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Daily life
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0273_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96466
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
- Date
- 1983-09-27
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion as soldiers advance in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the FMLN guerrilla coalition. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Daily life; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0163_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96630
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians In Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel Department
- Date
- 1984-10-23
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A young boy sits in a home in Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel department, El Salvador, October 23, 1984. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The possibility of a negotiated settlement between the groups was visible as early as 1981, but the United States consistently discouraged the army from negotiating with the guerrillas. Only after a decade of inconclusive combat was Washington willing to acknowledge that military victory was unattainable, and the diplomatic solutions settled in the 1992 peace accords were not fundamentally different from the ones the army had resisted for years.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Communism; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0030_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96158
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Line Up To Vote In National Elections In San Salvador
- Date
- 1982-03-28
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Men and women line up at a polling station to vote in the presidential and legislative elections in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 28, 1982. National elections were called to transition power from the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, Revolutionary Government Junta, JRG, to a provisional civilian president. The Constituent Assembly elected Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja on May 2, 1982.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Voting; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0137_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96265
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Line Up To Vote In National Elections In San Salvador
- Date
- 1982-03-28
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Men and women line up at a polling station to vote in the presidential and legislative elections in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 28, 1982. National elections were called to transition power from the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, Revolutionary Government Junta, JRG, to a provisional civilian president. The Constituent Assembly elected Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja on May 2, 1982.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Voting; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0138_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96266
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Line Up To Vote In National Elections In San Salvador
- Date
- 1982-03-28
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Men and women line up at a polling station to vote in the presidential and legislative elections in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 28, 1982. National elections were called to transition power from the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, Revolutionary Government Junta, JRG, to a provisional civilian president. The Constituent Assembly elected Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja on May 2, 1982.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Voting; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0139_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96267
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Vote in Presidential Elections
- Date
- 1984-03-25
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A woman places her ballot after voting in the national presidential elections in San Salvador, El Salvador, March 25, 1984. José Napoleón Duarte of the Partido Demócrata Cristiano, PDC, was elected president after a second run-off election that ended on May 12, 1984. This victory can be largely attributed to the more than $3 million in aid, both overt and covert, provided by the United States to finance the elections in an effort to produce a moderate reformist government compliant with Washington’s interests.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Politics; Elections; Voting; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0181_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96648
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilians Waiting To Vote In Presidential Election
- Date
- 1982-04-29
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Men and women line up to vote in the presidential and legislative elections in San Salvador, El Salvador, April 29, 1982. The 1982 elections marked the first year that the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador, JRG, voluntarily ceded control to an elected civilian president since their installment through a military coup in 1979. The Legislative Assembly voted for Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja as the nation's next president.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Politics; Government; Elections; Voting; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0072_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96539
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Class For Refugees in Chalatenango Department
- Date
- 1981-02-22
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Students attend an outdoor grammar class in territory held by guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, near Santa Anita, Chalatenango department, El Salvador, February 22, 1981. The children had been displaced by the ongoing armed conflict between guerrilla factions and government forces.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Insurgency; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0007_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96474
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Coffee Harvest In Santa Tecla, El Salvador
- Date
- 1982-10-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Salvadoran laborers use a cucharón to load bags of freshly picked coffee beans for export at a privately-owned coffee finca in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. El Salvador relied on a primary-export economic model throughout the 20th century with the production of sugar cane, coffee, and cotton as the country's principal national income.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Labor; Agriculture; Land reform; Oligarchy
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0092_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96220
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Coffee Plantation In El Salvador
- Date
- 1982-10-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Laborers gather 60 kg bags of picked green coffee beans in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. The coffee industry, once the backbone of El Salvador's export economy, has been in decline since the civil war, with factors including the decrease in the price of coffee on the market and continued warfare between government security forces and insurgents. In the last decades, the effects of climate change have emerged as a central concern for the industry in El Salvador and other neighboring Central American countries.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Development
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0159_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96287
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Coffee Plantation In El Salvador
- Date
- 1982-10-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Laborers gather 60 kg bags of picked green coffee beans in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. The coffee industry, once the backbone of El Salvador's export economy, has been in decline since the civil war, with factors including the decrease in the price of coffee on the market and continued warfare between government security forces and insurgents. In the last decades, the effects of climate change have emerged as a central concern for the industry in El Salvador and other neighboring Central American countries.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Development
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0158_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96286
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image