Search results

Title: Agricultural Advisors In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three agricultural advisers stand in a sugar cane field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions and land reform advocates as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Oligarchy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0271_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96399
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas Visits Central El Salvador
Date: 1984-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas (1923-1994) accompanied by his clerical assistants and political leaders visit a town in central El Salvador, May 1, 1984. Rivera y Damas was named Archbishop in February of 1983 after the post was left unfilled following the March 1980 assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Rivera y Damas was similarly outspoken in denouncing injustice and crimes committed by the state and he led the Church as a monitor in the country’s 1992 UN-backed peace process.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Daily life; Arturo Rivera y Damas
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Arturo Rivera y Damas
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0253_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96720
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Beheaded Body Dumped By Death Squad Outside San Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A headless body lies at the bottom of a small hill in the Mejicanos neighborhood in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0077_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96205
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Beverage Advertisement In Downtown San Salvador
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman walks past a beverage advertisement in downtown San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0200_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96328
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer stands next to a water tank after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0269_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96397
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer on the cooperative El Sunza stands next to a hillside in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0270_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96398
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Christian Fundamentalists In San Salvador
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians listen while a Christian evangelical speaks about God and the Bible in Parque La Libertad, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Religion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0295_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96423
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: A Civilian Checks On Damage Following A Battle Between The Salvadoran Army And Guerrillas
Date: 1983-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A civilian leaves his battle-damaged home following a firefight between the Salvadoran army and leftist guerrillas in central El Salvador July 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0119_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96586
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Dies In Cross Fire Between FMLN Guerrillas And Government Security Forces
Date: 1984-10-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: The body of a dead Salvadoran civilian is taken away in a vehicle after a previous day's firefight between members of the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, and Salvadoran security troops in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 24, 1984. The man was leaving work for his home in a government housing project. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Civilian casualties; Counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0032_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96160
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Funeral In San Salvador
Date: 1983-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Family members follow a hearse carrying the body of a civilian found murdered on the side of a road on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0232_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96699
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian In Battle-Torn Cinquera, El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A portrait of a civilian as he sits in front of a building damaged during a battle between guerrillas from the the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, and Salvadoran army soldiers in Cinquera, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. At the time, the country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0223_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96351
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians and Battle Damage In San Vicente
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Unidentified civilians stand outside a home heavily damaged after a battle between the Salvadoran Armed Forces and guerrillas from Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in San Vicente department, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The twelve-year Salvadoran armed conflict was at its roots a class conflict; the country's high economic disparity had existed since Spanish colonial rule and continued after the peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0115_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96582
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion as soldiers advance during a military operation in pursuit of FMLN guerrillas in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0264_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96392
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Daily life; Atlacatl Battalion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0267_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96395
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians Flee Fighting In Tenancingo
Date: 1983-09-27
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents move their belongings before an assault by the Atlacatl Battalion in pursuit of guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN, in Tenancingo, El Salvador, September 27, 1983. Residents would eventually return to their homes and farms. The Atlacatl Battalion was trained at Ft. Bragg in the United States by U.S. Special Forces as the first rapid response counterinsurgency battalion and was implicated in some of the most infamous human rights violations of the twelve-year armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Military aid; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0273_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96466
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Conflict Over Control In San Miguel Department
Date: 1983-08-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A field of corn grows on the side of a hill in a civilian area in conflict for control between guerrillas from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, and the Salvadoran army in San Miguel department, El Salvador, August 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Landscape
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0247_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96375
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: A Cook And Her Children In Downtown San Salvador
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A cook at a restaurant stands with her two children in downtown San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. At the time, the country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0211_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96339
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Cotton Field In Usulután Department
Date: 1982-12-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran field workers pick cotton in the Usulután department, southeastern El Salvador, December 1, 1982. El Salvador relied on a primary-export economic model throughout the 20th century with the production of sugar cane, coffee, and cotton as the country’s principal national income.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Labor; Export; Agriculture; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0049_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96516
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Cotton Field In Usulután Department
Date: 1982-12-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran field workers pick cotton in the Usulután department, southeastern El Salvador, December 1, 1982. El Salvador relied on a primary-export economic model throughout the 20th century with the production of sugar cane, coffee, and cotton as the country’s principal national income.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Labor; Export; Agriculture; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0050_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96517
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Daily Life During Guatemala’s Civil War
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman wearing an indigenous traje walks past a pharmacy with freshly cleaned laundry near the capital in south-central Guatemala, July 1, 1982. The Cold War hemispheric battles of dominance between the United States and the Soviet Union led the CIA in 1954 to orchestrate a coup d’état to overthrow democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz, sending the country into turmoil and civil war. Between the years 1960 and 1996 more than 200,000 civilians were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil War; Genocide; Daily life; Cold War
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0089_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96814
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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