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- Title
- Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
- Date
- 1983-10-07
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A day laborer on the cooperative El Sunza stands next to a hillside in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Daily life
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0270_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96398
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
- Date
- 1983-10-07
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A day laborer farmer walks with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0065_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96193
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
- Date
- 1983-10-07
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A day laborer farmer weeds with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0066_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96194
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
- Date
- 1983-10-07
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Four day laborer farmers stand in a field they recently cleared on the cooperative farm El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. El Salvador's primary-export economic structure in the 20th century concentrated land ownership and income in the hands of a small elite. This oligarchy effectively marginalized the rural sector of the population by closing political and social arenas as well as economic, which resulted in high levels of support for guerrilla insurgents in certain departments of the country.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; Insurgency
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0067_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96195
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
- Date
- 1983-10-07
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A day laborer uses a long-bladed saw to cut wooden planks on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. El Salvador's primary-export economic structure in the 20th century concentrated land ownership and income in the hands of a small elite. This oligarchy effectively marginalized the rural sector of the population by closing political and social arenas as well as economic, which resulted in high levels of support for guerrilla insurgents in certain departments of the country.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; Insurgency
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0068_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96196
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Captured FPL Guerrilla Presented To Media
- Date
- 1983-09-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A member of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, speaks to the media after he was captured by Salvadoran security forces near a FPL safe house containing weapons, explosives, medical supplies and pieces of guerrilla propaganda in San Salvador, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. FPL was comprised primarily of union workers, university students, and social Christian groups and was one of five organizations within the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Insurgency; Marxism-Leninism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0151_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96618
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Captured FPL Guerrilla Presented To Media
- Date
- 1983-09-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A member of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, speaks to the media after he was captured by Salvadoran security forces near a FPL safe house containing weapons, explosives, medical supplies and pieces of guerrilla propaganda in San Salvador, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. FPL was comprised primarily of union workers, university students, and social Christian groups and was one of five organizations within the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Insurgency; Marxism-Leninism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0153_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96620
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Captured Members Of ORDEN, A Right Wing Paramilitary Unit In Chalatenango Department
- Date
- 1981-02-22
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, interrogate a family member involved in the paramilitary group Organización Democrática Nacionalista, National Democratic Organization, ORDEN, seated left, after a takeover of a nearby village in Santa Anita, El Salvador, February 22, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Death squads; Human rights violations; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0098_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96226
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Captured Members Of ORDEN, A Right Wing Paramilitary Unit In Chalatenango Department
- Date
- 1981-02-22
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Leftist guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, interrogate a family member involved in the paramilitary group Organización Democrática Nacionalista, National Democratic Organization, ORDEN, seated center right, after a takeover of a nearby village in Santa Anita, El Salvador, February 22, 1981. ORDEN was established in the late 1960s with support from the United States Army Special Forces by General José Alberto Medrano, known as the father of Salvadoran counterinsurgency. ORDEN, along with the Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña, National Security Agency of El Salvador, ANSESAL, widely considered to be the origin of the death squads, were employed by the military to infiltrate and terrorize rural populations considered subversive to the regime. Although ORDEN was nominally disbanded in 1979, many of its members were folded into civil defense units who continued to use extrajudicial violence and torture to repress the civilian population throughout the armed conflict.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Death squads; Human rights violations; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Military aid; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación (FPL); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN); Agencia Nacional de Seguridad Salvadoreña (ANSESAL)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0091_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96219
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Catholic Priest Speaks With FPL Officers In La Reina, Chalatenango
- Date
- 1983-02-04
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Father Renato Pellachin, an Italian Franciscan priest, left, speaks with leftist guerrilla officials from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, center and right, in La Reina, El Salvador, February 4, 1983. During the twelve-year civil war, the Catholic Church in El Salvador often condemned the violence and oppression committed by the authoritarian regime, with some members of the clergy sharing guerrilla sympathies.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0054_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96521
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Catholic Priest Spekas With FPL Officers In La Reina, Chalatenango
- Date
- 1983-02-04
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Father Renato Pellachin, an Italian Franciscan priest, left, speaks with leftist guerrilla officials from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, center and right, in La Reina, El Salvador, February 4, 1983. During the twelve-year civil war, the Catholic Church in El Salvador often condemned the violence and oppression perpetrated by the authoritarian regime, with some members of the clergy sharing guerrilla sympathies.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Liberation theology; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0174_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96302
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- CBS Television Staff In San Salvador
- Date
- 1983-01-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Salvadoran CBS television producer, Estella Castillo, stands in the doorway of the U.S. network's office at the Camino Real Hotel in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1983. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War
- Country
- El Salvador
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Estella Castillo
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0225_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96353
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Cheerleaders With Salvadoran Cadets At Military Ceremony
- Date
- 1983-05-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A group of cheerleaders from Centro Oxford Escalon perform before uniformed cadets at a military ceremony in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military ceremonies
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0110_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96577
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- A child stands outside a building at a Miskito village along the Coco River, Nicaragua
- Date
- 1986-12
- Creator
- Gentile, Bill
- Description
- C. Bill Gentile 12/86 Picture Group; Miskito Village, Coco River, Nicaragua
- Subject
- Dwellings -- Nicaragua; Indians of Central America -- Nicaragua -- Government relations; Miskito children; Miskito Indians -- Relocation
- Country
- Nicaragua
- Local Identifier
- SC_Gentile_0139
- Type
- color slides
- Collection
- Bill Gentile Photojournalism Collection
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:66649
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Christian Fundamentalists In San Salvador
- Date
- 1984-03-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Civilians listen while a Christian evangelical speaks about God and the Bible in Parque La Libertad, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Religion
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0295_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96423
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civil Defense Units In Rural San Vicente Department
- Date
- 1982-03-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Three Salvadoran civil defensemen stand near their fortified position in a village on the outskirts of San Vicente, El Salvador, March 1, 1982. Civil defense patrols were utilized by the authoritarian state regime as a form of paramilitary control, specifically over the rural sectors of society. It is reported that the civil defense patrols along with the Salvadoran National Guard were complicit in indiscriminate attacks on peasant cooperatives and villages suspected of subversive sympathies.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0147_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96275
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- A Civilian Checks On Damage Following A Battle Between The Salvadoran Army And Guerrillas
- Date
- 1983-07-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- A civilian leaves his battle-damaged home following a firefight between the Salvadoran army and leftist guerrillas in central El Salvador July 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0119_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96586
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilian Dies In Cross Fire Between FMLN Guerrillas And Government Security Forces
- Date
- 1984-10-24
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- The body of a dead Salvadoran civilian is taken away in a vehicle after a previous day's firefight between members of the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, and Salvadoran security troops in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 24, 1984. The man was leaving work for his home in a government housing project. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Civilian casualties; Counterinsurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Daily life; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_nb_0032_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96160
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilian Funeral In Central El Salvador
- Date
- 1983-07-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- UPITN cameraman Godofredo Guedes, right, and sound man Luis Mejia, standing second left, film the casket of a Salvadoran civilian killed in crossfire between the Salvadoran Armed Forces and guerrillas from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in central El Salvador, July 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Military; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations; Insurgency; Journalism; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
- Country
- El Salvador
- Subject -- Personal Name
- Godofredo Guedes; Luis Mejia
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0264_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96457
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image
- Title
- Civilian Funeral In San Salvador
- Date
- 1983-07-01
- Creator
- Nickelsberg, Robert
- Description
- Family members follow a hearse carrying the body of a civilian found murdered on the side of a road on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
- Subject
- Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations
- Country
- El Salvador
- Local Identifier
- elsalvador_ct_0232_web.tif
- Collection
- The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
- URI/handle
- http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96699
- mods_typeOfResource_mt
- still image