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Title: Agricultural Advisors In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three agricultural advisers stand in a sugar cane field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions and land reform advocates as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Oligarchy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0271_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96399
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ambassador Stone At Ilopango Airport
Date: 1983-08-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: International media crowd United States Ambassador at Large to Central America Richard Stone as he prepares to depart at Ilopango Airport, San Salvador, El Salvador, August 1, 1983. Stone was facilitating preliminary peace talks between guerrilla leaders from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, FMLN, and the Salvadoran government. Negotiations between the groups were ongoing throughout the twelve-year civil war. United States involvement in the Salvadoran armed conflict can be traced to a strategic hegemonic dominance favored by U.S. policy in Latin America, as well as Cold War-era concerns over the spread of communism after the revolutions in Cuba and Nicaragua.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War; Communism; Politics
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Richard Stone
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0262_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96455
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Assasination
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman holds a picture of Archbishop Óscar Romero on the fourth anniversary of his assassination, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson. The martyred Romero was officially canonized as a saint by Pope Francis in 2018.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Liberation theology; Human rights violations; Death squads; Óscar Romero
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0182_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96649
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas Visits Central El Salvador
Date: 1984-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas (1923-1994) accompanied by his clerical assistants and political leaders visit a town in central El Salvador, May 1, 1984. Rivera y Damas was named Archbishop in February of 1983 after the post was left unfilled following the March 1980 assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Rivera y Damas was similarly outspoken in denouncing injustice and crimes committed by the state and he led the Church as a monitor in the country’s 1992 UN-backed peace process.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Daily life; Arturo Rivera y Damas
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Arturo Rivera y Damas
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0253_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96720
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Archbishop Casariego In Guatemala City
Date: 1983-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Cardinal Mario Casariego y Acevedo (1909-1983), the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Guatemala, stands for a photograph in front of the Metropolitan Cathedral in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, February 1, 1983. The Cardinal maintained close relations with many political and military officials and was considered to be an ally of the authoritarian state regime. Casariego died of a heart attack on June 15, 1983.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Mario Casariego y Acevedo
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Casariego y Acevedo
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0098_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96947
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Associated Press Photojournalist Luis Alberto Romero
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Associated Press photojournalist Luis Alberto Romero gestures outside a news event in San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Luis Alberto Romero
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0212_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96340
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Beheaded Body Dumped By Death Squad Outside San Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A headless body lies at the bottom of a small hill in the Mejicanos neighborhood in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0077_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96205
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Beverage Advertisement In Downtown San Salvador
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman walks past a beverage advertisement in downtown San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0200_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96328
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer stands next to a water tank after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0269_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96397
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer on the cooperative El Sunza stands next to a hillside in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0270_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96398
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer farmer walks with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0065_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96193
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer farmer weeds with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0066_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96194
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: CBS Television Staff In San Salvador
Date: 1983-01-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran CBS television producer, Estella Castillo, stands in the doorway of the U.S. network's office at the Camino Real Hotel in San Salvador, El Salvador, January 1, 1983. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Estella Castillo
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0225_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96353
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Cheerleaders With Salvadoran Cadets At Military Ceremony
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of cheerleaders from Centro Oxford Escalon perform before uniformed cadets at a military ceremony in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military; Military ceremonies
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0110_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96577
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: A child stands outside a building at a Miskito village along the Coco River, Nicaragua
Date: 1986-12
Creator: Gentile, Bill
Description: C. Bill Gentile 12/86 Picture Group; Miskito Village, Coco River, Nicaragua
Subject: Dwellings -- Nicaragua; Indians of Central America -- Nicaragua -- Government relations; Miskito children; Miskito Indians -- Relocation
Country: Nicaragua
Local Identifier: SC_Gentile_0139
Type: color slides
Collection: Bill Gentile Photojournalism Collection
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:66649
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Christian Fundamentalists In San Salvador
Date: 1984-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Civilians listen while a Christian evangelical speaks about God and the Bible in Parque La Libertad, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 1, 1984. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Religion
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0295_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96423
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: A Civilian Checks On Damage Following A Battle Between The Salvadoran Army And Guerrillas
Date: 1983-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A civilian leaves his battle-damaged home following a firefight between the Salvadoran army and leftist guerrillas in central El Salvador July 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0119_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96586
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian Funeral In San Salvador
Date: 1983-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Family members follow a hearse carrying the body of a civilian found murdered on the side of a road on the outskirts of San Salvador, El Salvador, June 1, 1983. The twelve-year armed conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties; Human rights violations
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0232_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96699
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilian In Battle-Torn Cinquera, El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A portrait of a civilian as he sits in front of a building damaged during a battle between guerrillas from the the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, and Salvadoran army soldiers in Cinquera, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. At the time, the country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0223_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96351
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Civilians and Battle Damage In San Vicente
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Unidentified civilians stand outside a home heavily damaged after a battle between the Salvadoran Armed Forces and guerrillas from Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, in San Vicente department, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. The twelve-year Salvadoran armed conflict was at its roots a class conflict; the country's high economic disparity had existed since Spanish colonial rule and continued after the peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0115_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96582
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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