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Title: 1984 La Palma Peace Talks
Date: 1984-10-15
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Representatives of the Frente Democrático Revolucionario, Revolutionary Democratic Front, FDR, Guillermo Ungo, center left of microphone, and Rubén Zamora, center right of microphone, with representatives of the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, Facundo Guardado, far left, Fermán Cienfuegos, speaking in microphone, Lucio Rivera, second right of microphone, and Nidia Díaz, far right, address the press during peace talks with the Salvadoran government in La Palma, El Salvador, October 15, 1984. A military stalemate led to direct public peace negotiations for the first time in the civil conflict between the Salvadoran government and members of the FDR-FMLN. The two sides would engage in peace talks intermittently throughout the country’s twelve-year civil war before the signing of the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Peace talks; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Frente Democrático Revolucionario (FDR); Rubén Zamora; Fermán Cienfuegos; Nidia Díaz
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Facundo Guardado; Guillermo Ungo; Rubén Zamora; Fermán Cienfuegos; Lucio Rivera; Nidia Díaz
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0224_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96691
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 1984 La Palma Peace Talks
Date: 1984-10-15
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran government officials Julio Adolfo Rey Prendes, left in white, Minister of Defense General Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova, middle, and President José Napoleón Duarte, middle speaking in microphone, address the press during peace talks with the insurgency coalition FDR-FMLN in La Palma, El Salvador, October 15, 1984. A military stalemate led to direct public peace negotiations for the first time in the civil conflict between the Salvadoran government and members of the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, and their political counterpart the Frente Democrático Revolucionario, Revolutionary Democratic Front, FDR. The two sides would engage in peace talks intermittently throughout the country’s twelve-year civil war before the signing of the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Peace talks; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova; Frente Democrático Revolucionario (FDR)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Julio Adolfo Rey Prendes; Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova; José Napoleón Duarte
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0222_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96689
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 1984 La Palma Peace Talks
Date: 1984-10-15
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran government officials Julio Adolfo Rey Prendes, left in white, Minister of Defense General Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova, middle, and President José Napoleón Duarte, middle speaking in microphone, address the press during peace talks with the insurgency coalition FDR-FMLN in La Palma, El Salvador, October 15, 1984. A military stalemate led to direct public peace negotiations for the first time in the civil conflict between the Salvadoran government and members of the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, and their political counterpart the Frente Democrático Revolucionario, Revolutionary Democratic Front, FDR. The two sides would engage in peace talks intermittently throughout the country’s twelve-year civil war before the signing of the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Peace talks; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova; Frente Democrático Revolucionario (FDR)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Julio Adolfo Rey Prendes; Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova; José Napoleón Duarte
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0223_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96690
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 1984 La Palma Peace Talks
Date: 1984-10-15
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Representatives of the Frente Democrático Revolucionario, Revolutionary Democratic Front, FDR, Guillermo Ungo, center left of microphone, and Rubén Zamora, center right of microphone, with representatives of the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, Facundo Guardado, far left, Fermán Cienfuegos, speaking in microphone, Lucio Rivera, second right of microphone, and Nidia Díaz, far right, address the press during peace talks with the Salvadoran government in La Palma, El Salvador, October 15, 1984. A military stalemate led to direct public peace negotiations for the first time in the civil conflict between the Salvadoran government and members of the FDR-FMLN. The two sides would engage in peace talks intermittently throughout the country’s twelve-year civil war before the signing of the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Peace talks; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Frente Democrático Revolucionario (FDR); Rubén Zamora; Fermán Cienfuegos; Nidia Díaz
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Facundo Guardado; Guillermo Ungo; Rubén Zamora; Fermán Cienfuegos; Lucio Rivera; Nidia Díaz
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0225_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96692
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 1984 La Palma Peace Talks
Date: 1984-10-15
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Representatives of the Frente Democrático Revolucionario, Revolutionary Democratic Front, FDR, Guillermo Ungo, speaking in microphone, and Rubén Zamora, center right of microphone, with representatives of the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, Facundo Guardado, far left, Fermán Cienfuegos, center left of microphone, Lucio Rivera, second to right, and Nidia Díaz, far right, address the press during peace talks with the Salvadoran government in La Palma, El Salvador, October 15, 1984. A military stalemate led to direct public peace negotiations for the first time in the civil conflict between the Salvadoran government and members of the FDR-FMLN. The two sides would engage in peace talks intermittently throughout the country’s twelve-year civil war before the signing of the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Peace talks; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Frente Democrático Revolucionario (FDR); Rubén Zamora; Fermán Cienfuegos; Nidia Díaz
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Facundo Guardado; Guillermo Ungo; Rubén Zamora; Fermán Cienfuegos; Lucio Rivera; Nidia Díaz
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0226_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96693
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: 1984 La Palma Peace Talks
Date: 1984-10-15
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Representatives of the Frente Democrático Revolucionario, Revolutionary Democratic Front, FDR, Guillermo Ungo, speaking in microphone, and Rubén Zamora, center right of microphone, with representatives of the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, Facundo Guardado, far left, Fermán Cienfuegos, center left of microphone, Lucio Rivera, second to right, and Nidia Díaz, far right, address the press during peace talks with the Salvadoran government in La Palma, El Salvador, October 15, 1984. A military stalemate led to direct public peace negotiations for the first time in the civil conflict between the Salvadoran government and members of the FDR-FMLN. The two sides would engage in peace talks intermittently throughout the country’s twelve-year civil war before the signing of the 1992 Chapultepec Peace Accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Government; Politics; Peace talks; Insurgency; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Frente Democrático Revolucionario (FDR); Rubén Zamora; Fermán Cienfuegos; Nidia Díaz
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Facundo Guardado; Guillermo Ungo; Rubén Zamora; Fermán Cienfuegos; Lucio Rivera; Nidia Díaz
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0227_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96694
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: ABC Television Crew Films ERP Guerrillas In El Salvador
Date: 1983-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A television crew from ABC films a young fighter from the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, as guerrillas stop commercial traffic along the Pan American Highway in Usulatán department, El Salvador, May 1, 1983. Guerrilla tactics for disrupting the transportation of commercial goods were employed in protest of economic inequality and to show defiance to the authoritarian state regime.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Economy; Development; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP); Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: United States
Subject -- Personal Name: Timothy Ross
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0102_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96230
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Agricultural Advisors In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three agricultural advisers stand in a sugar cane field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions and land reform advocates as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Oligarchy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0271_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96399
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Ambassador Stone At Ilopango Airport
Date: 1983-08-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: International media crowd United States Ambassador at Large to Central America Richard Stone as he prepares to depart at Ilopango Airport, San Salvador, El Salvador, August 1, 1983. Stone was facilitating preliminary peace talks between guerrilla leaders from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, FMLN, and the Salvadoran government. Negotiations between the groups were ongoing throughout the twelve-year civil war. United States involvement in the Salvadoran armed conflict can be traced to a strategic hegemonic dominance favored by U.S. policy in Latin America, as well as Cold War-era concerns over the spread of communism after the revolutions in Cuba and Nicaragua.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War; Communism; Politics
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Richard Stone
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0262_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96455
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Anniversary Of Archbishop Romero's Assasination
Date: 1984-03-24
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman holds a picture of Archbishop Óscar Romero on the fourth anniversary of his assassination, San Salvador, El Salvador, March 24, 1984. Romero spoke out against the increasing violence and economic inequality sustained by the Salvadoran state regime and was murdered during mass on March 24, 1980 by a right-wing death squad under the orders of Roberto D’Aubuisson. The martyred Romero was officially canonized as a saint by Pope Francis in 2018.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Liberation theology; Human rights violations; Death squads; Óscar Romero
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0182_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96649
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas Visits Central El Salvador
Date: 1984-05-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran Archbishop Arturo Rivera y Damas (1923-1994) accompanied by his clerical assistants and political leaders visit a town in central El Salvador, May 1, 1984. Rivera y Damas was named Archbishop in February of 1983 after the post was left unfilled following the March 1980 assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero. Rivera y Damas was similarly outspoken in denouncing injustice and crimes committed by the state and he led the Church as a monitor in the country’s 1992 UN-backed peace process.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Daily life; Arturo Rivera y Damas
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Arturo Rivera y Damas
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0253_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96720
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Archbishop Casariego In Guatemala City
Date: 1983-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Cardinal Mario Casariego y Acevedo (1909-1983), the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Guatemala, stands for a photograph in front of the Metropolitan Cathedral in downtown Guatemala City, Guatemala, February 1, 1983. The Cardinal maintained close relations with many political and military officials and was considered to be an ally of the authoritarian state regime. Casariego died of a heart attack on June 15, 1983.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Religion; Roman Catholic Church; Mario Casariego y Acevedo
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Casariego y Acevedo
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0098_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96947
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Armed FPL Officials Take Questions From Western News Organizations In La Palma, El Salvador
Date: 1983-02-06
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Journalists from western news organizations listen to leftist guerrilla officials from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, as they respond to questions during a press conference in La Palma, El Salvador, February 6, 1983. FPL, as a member of the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, acquired arms and strategic support from socialist parties in Vietnam, Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Soviet Union to fund their campaigns. The FMLN and their political counterpart the Frente Democrático Revolucionario, Revolutionary Democratic Front, FDR, were recognized as the established insurgency in El Salvador and played an integral role in the 1992 peace accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Communism; Arms trade; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Democrático Revolucionario (FDR)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mike Boetcher; Christopher Dickey; Tim Loughran; Willie Germand
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0013_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96141
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Associated Press Photojournalist Luis Alberto Romero
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Associated Press photojournalist Luis Alberto Romero gestures outside a news event in San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. Every major paper and wire service had a bureau in El Salvador while international concern maintained the Central American conflicts as hemispheric battles over communist expansion.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Luis Alberto Romero
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0212_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96340
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Beheaded Body Dumped By Death Squad Outside San Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A headless body lies at the bottom of a small hill in the Mejicanos neighborhood in San Salvador, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Civilian casualties
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0077_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96205
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Beverage Advertisement In Downtown San Salvador
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman walks past a beverage advertisement in downtown San Salvador, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The conflict would claim over 75,000 lives before peace negotiations concluded in 1992.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0200_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96328
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer stands next to a water tank after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0269_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96397
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer on the cooperative El Sunza stands next to a hillside in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0270_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96398
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer farmer walks with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0065_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96193
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer farmer weeds with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0066_web.tif
Collection: The Photographic Archive of Robert Nickelsberg
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96194
mods_typeOfResource_mt: still image

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